作者： admin

Talent is the first resource, and it is also a strategic resource to win the initiative of international competition. At present, the development of scientific and technological talents in China has made remarkable achievements, but many aspects of the vitality of scientific and technological talents still do not meet the requirements of high-quality development, and it is urgent to speed up reform.

First, the achievements and shortcomings of scientific and technological talents’ innovation vitality

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the state has attached great importance to the work of scientific and technological talents, and successively issued Opinions on Deepening the Reform of the System and Mechanism of Talent Development, Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Reform of the Evaluation Mechanism of Talents by Classification, Pilot Implementation Plan on Giving Scientific and Technological Researchers the Ownership or Long-term Use Right of Scientific and Technological Achievements, Notice on Implementing the Relevant Documents Giving Scientific and Technological Institutions and Personnel Greater Autonomy, Guiding Opinions on Supporting and Encouraging Professional and Technical Personnel in Institutions to Innovate and Entrepreneurship, which have played an important role in stimulating the innovation vitality of scientific and technological talents. The innovation ability of scientific and technological talents in China has been continuously improved, but the innovation potential still needs to be further explored. Mainly as follows:

(A) the ability of talent innovation has been continuously enhanced, but there is still much room for improvement in the vitality of talent innovation.

China Science and Technology Talents Development Report 2020 shows that the total number of scientific and technological talents in China has increased rapidly. In 2019, the total number of R&D personnel in the country was 7.13 million, 1.3 times that of 2015. However, there is still a big gap between China and developed countries in terms of scientific and technological talent reserve. In 2021, the number of researchers per million people in China was 539, which was lower than that in developed countries such as the United States (3,496), Japan (5,078), Germany (3,168) and France (1916), and the gap with the average level of high-income countries (3,036) was also very obvious (Figure 1).

In 2021, the ranking of China Global Innovation Index has risen from 34th in 2012 to 12th. In recent ten years, the full-time equivalent of R&D personnel in China has also been continuously improved. However, the national R&D researchers account for only 43.9% of the full-time equivalent of R&D personnel, which is lower than that of major economies in the world (50%). Among them, the proportion of full-time equivalent of R&D basic researchers has a downward trend (Figure 2). There is still a big gap between China and the major countries in the world in the investment intensity of R&D personnel and the proportion of basic researchers in R&D personnel. In recent years, the growth rate of R&D personnel in enterprises has slowed down, which needs more attention.

Figure 1 Comparison of scientific and technological talents between China and developed countries in 2021 (person)

Data source: According to the data of International Statistical Yearbook 2021 of the National Bureau of Statistics.

Figure 2 Changes of full-time equivalent of R&D personnel in China from 2011 to 2020 (person-year,%)

Source: Wind database.

(B) The input-output efficiency of scientific research has improved significantly, but the value of human capital of scientific researchers has not been properly reflected.

In recent years, the citation rate of China’s scientific research papers has increased significantly, and it has formed an influence in certain fields. According to the Statistical Report of Scientific Papers in China in 2021, the number of papers in top international journals in China ranks second in the world, rising by two places, and the number of highly cited papers and hot papers continues to rank second in the world, among which international co-authored papers account for 26.2% of the total published papers in China. However, China lacks originality and basic innovation, its core technology and bottom technology are still controlled by others, and its innovation ability still cannot meet the requirements of high-quality development, and there is still a gap with the world-class powers. At present, the transformation rate of scientific and technological achievements in China is only about 10%, and the industrialization rate is less than 5%. Take the proportion of internal expenditure of R&D funds and technology market transactions in GDP as an example, the proportion of basic research is low, and the growth rate is lower than that of internal expenditure of R&D funds. At the same time, the proportion of technology market transactions in GDP is less than 3% (Figure 3). The market-oriented conversion rate of scientific research results is not high, which affects the realization of human capital value of scientific researchers.

Figure 3 Changes of R&D investment in China from 2011 to 2020 (RMB 10,000,%)

Source: According to the Wind database.

From the realization of human capital value of scientific researchers, in recent years, the salary of scientific and technological talents in China has increased steadily, but compared with other types of personnel at the same level, the salary level of scientific and technological personnel is still not competitive, and the salary level of scientific and technological personnel does not match its contribution. According to the salary survey data of enterprises in Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the median salary of engineering technicians, agricultural technicians and health professionals in China in 2021 was 71,000 yuan/year, 49,400 yuan/year and 57,100 yuan/year respectively, which was lower than the salary level of management, finance and IT (Table 1). From the comparison of job types in enterprises, taking the median salary as an example, the salary level of professional and technical personnel in the same rank is lower than that of management personnel (Table 2). In terms of industries, the wages of professional and technical personnel are generally above the average level of regulated enterprises, but in most industries, such as mining and manufacturing, the wages of professional and technical personnel are lower than those of managers of the same rank.

Table 1 Comparison of salaries of professional and technical personnel in China in 2021 (10,000 yuan/year)

Source: Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security.

Table 2 Comparison of salaries of technical and management personnel in China in 2021 (10,000 yuan/year)

Source: Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security.

(3) The level of scientific research opening has been greatly improved, but the phenomenon of brain drain is still outstanding.

In recent years, the level of scientific and technological talents’ foreign academic exchanges and scientific research cooperation in China has been continuously enhanced. According to Statistics of Scientific Papers in China in 2021 published by China Science and Technology Information Research, from 2011 to 2021, the proportion of papers produced by 10 disciplines in China exceeded 20% in the world. Among the international papers published in China in 2020, there were 144,500 international co-authored papers, up by 11.1% year-on-year. International co-authored papers account for 26.2% of the total published papers in China, and international co-authored papers with China as the first author account for 69.3% of all international co-authored papers in China, with partners involving 169 countries (regions).

However, for a long time, the loss of scientific and technological talents abroad, and the loss of scientific and technological talents from state-owned departments to the private sector is still relatively common. According to the data of the Ministry of Education, in 2022, nearly 700,000 China students chose to stay abroad, and the proportion of Tsinghua University and Peking University studying abroad reached 14.2% and 18.9%, while the proportion of Qingbei students returning to China was only 20%. According to a survey conducted by the Paulson Foundation in the United States in 2020, about 60% of AI scientists in the world work in American universities, companies or private research institutions, and two-thirds of them come to the United States for further study after graduating from other countries. The main source of students is China, accounting for 27%, and 32,000 Chinese scientists have voluntarily become American citizens. There are many high-end talents among them.

In addition, the state-owned sector is also facing the challenge of the flow of scientific and technological talents to private enterprises. According to the research and development center of China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology on Aerospace Science and Technology Group, from 2012 to 2016, the total number of people leaving the main institutions of the group showed an upward trend, with the annual turnover rate exceeding 10%, and the loss was concentrated in the young and middle-aged backbone groups under 35.

Second, development concepts, institutional mechanisms and talent policies affect the release of talent vitality.

With the rapid changes of economic, social and technological progress, the traditional management mode of scientific and technological talents has not adapted to the development requirements of the new era, and the scientific research management system and mechanism restrict the development of scientific and technological talents’ innovation and creativity. At present, we need to stimulate the vitality of scientific and technological talents more than at any time in history, and it is urgent to press the "acceleration button" for talent reform.

(A) The concept of talent development, some regions and departments have failed to pay attention to the all-round development of people and the diversified demands of talents.

Some cadres have not fully applied the development law of scientific and technological talents, some ways of thinking are still in the era of planned economy, and some important decisions often "see things but not people", which is not enough to mobilize the enthusiasm of scientific and technological talents. In some jobs, there are many elements about the importance of talents, but there are not many practical and effective measures to stimulate the vitality of talents. Some state-owned units are still stuck in the traditional personnel management mode, and the talent management mode is extensive and backward, emphasizing material incentives and neglecting the shaping of talent environment. There are still many institutional and institutional obstacles in personnel training, introduction, use, motivation and mobility, and the system of introducing foreign talents and high-end skilled immigrants is still not perfect.

The concept of all-round development of scientific and technological talents has not yet been formed, the training of top-notch innovative talents is lagging behind, the education system has put too much emphasis on result orientation, and the atmosphere of attaching importance to exam-oriented education and knowledge infusion, ignoring interest cultivation and innovation discovery is still very strong. Some highly educated international students have global vision and cutting-edge knowledge, and have been integrated into the forefront of global scientific and technological development. However, the attraction of these talents returning to China for development is insufficient, and the brain drain problem is still outstanding. There is still a big gap between China and the global talent center.

The "administrative color" of scientific research personnel management is still very prominent, which emphasizes management over service. There are many reports, many approvals and long time-consuming in the declaration and evaluation of scientific research projects, and scientific research personnel have to spend a lot of time and energy in administrative affairs. There are too many detailed items in the budget of scientific research funds, and many requirements are not suitable for the uncertainty and periodicity of scientific research activities. There are many restrictions on the payment of wages and labor expenses for scientific research funds, and the knowledge labor of scientific research personnel cannot be properly reflected. Excessive frequent assessment restricts the initiative of scientific and technological talents to concentrate on research. According to a survey conducted by the Policy Research Group of the Talent Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology, the three measures that scientific and technological talents most want to speed up implementation are loosening burdens, supporting talents to carry out basic research for a long time and giving them greater autonomy, with the selection ratios of 40.2%, 35.9% and 32.8% respectively.

(B) Talent incentive mechanism, the decisive role of the market in the allocation of talent resources is not fully played.

The system and mechanism to promote the entrepreneurship of scientific and technological talent officers need to be further optimized, the decisive role of the market in the allocation of human resources has not been fully exerted, and the human capital value of scientific and technological talents has not been properly reflected. In recent years, the internationalization, marketization and competitiveness of scientific and technological personnel in China’s state-owned departments have been continuously improved. However, in some state-owned enterprises, the problems of "lying flat", "Buddhism" and overstaffed personnel are still outstanding. Due to strict identity management, low salary and narrow promotion space, some state-owned departments have lost their own scientific and technological talents, and the ranks of scientific and technological talents are unstable.

Due to the unreasonable performance appraisal and salary distribution system, some units can not reflect more work and more pay, and distribution according to work, which leads to many scientific and technological talents in state-owned enterprises doing more and doing less, and doing the same with not doing it. There are also some enterprises that lack an incentive job development system, which makes it difficult for scientific and technological talents to be promoted and moved. Some talents can’t see their career development prospects and their entrepreneurial enthusiasm can’t be mobilized. In some public-owned units, the talent incentive means is single, so it is difficult to mobilize the entrepreneurial enthusiasm of talent officers, and the reform of salary distribution such as equity incentive is slow. Especially under the background of digital economy, human capital elements play a prominent role in various enterprises, but the human capital value of core technicians and outstanding operators has not been properly reflected after the reform. The traditional salary system, which mainly focuses on wages and bonuses, can no longer meet the needs of enterprise development. The reform of state-owned enterprises in market-oriented selection, contractual management, differentiated salary and market-oriented exit is not in place, and they cannot retain core talents, so they are at a relative disadvantage in talent competition.

(C) In terms of talent policy, there are problems such as weak pertinence, difficult implementation and untimely evaluation.

In recent years, in order to mobilize the enthusiasm of scientific research talents, many talent policies have been issued from the central government to the local government, such as Guiding Opinions on Supporting and Encouraging the Innovation and Entrepreneurship of Professional and Technical Personnel in Institutions and Guiding Opinions on Implementing the Distribution Policy Oriented to Increasing Knowledge Value. However, there are still some problems in the process of policy implementation, such as weak pertinence, difficult implementation, lack of supporting facilities and untimely evaluation, which cause "good policies" to fail to achieve "good results". Take actively encouraging scientific researchers to take part-time jobs, take part in projects and start businesses as an example. Due to the lack of supporting implementation rules, some scientific research units are difficult to grasp who can take part-time jobs, how to manage part-time workers and how to confirm knowledge achievements, and there are practical difficulties such as "thinking out" and "going out can’t come back". The lack of evaluation of the talent policy that has been implemented for a period of time is not conducive to policy iteration, and it is not conducive to timely adjustment, which affects the effect of policy implementation.　

Third, countermeasures and suggestions

Talent vitality is "released", not "managed". It is suggested to further change the concept of talents, speed up the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform in the field of talents, optimize the talent policy, create a better talent ecology, and create conditions for further releasing the vitality of talents.

The first is to change the concept of talent development and promote the development of talent career with comprehensive evaluation of talents.In terms of talent concept, it is necessary to further improve the evaluation system of scientific and technological talents with classification, scientific diversity and openness. According to the job characteristics, set evaluation indicators, and recognize the performance of job responsibilities, participation in scientific research work, high-level papers published, and the effectiveness of achievements transformation as contributions, so as to avoid using only signed achievements as the basis for assessment and evaluation.

The second is to speed up the reform of the system of scientific and technological talents and stimulate the innovation vitality of scientific and technological talents with the guidance of increasing knowledge value.On the basis of ensuring the normal growth of the basic salary level, we will gradually increase the basic salary that reflects the innovative talents to perform their duties and responsibilities, and increase the autonomy of performance pay. We will increase the sharing ratio of scientific and technological achievements of researchers, and increase the fruitful income of researchers through multiple channels. Give researchers the long-term right to use their scientific and technological achievements for not less than 10 years, and clarify the specific operation methods for researchers to take part-time jobs.

The third is to speed up the reform of "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" for scientific and technological talents and further create "relaxation" for scientific research.Give scientists more power to decide the technical route, control more funds and dispatch more resources, and accelerate the formation of strategic fulcrum and yan zhen pattern. Promote scientific research units to reduce the frequency of assessment, implement medium-and long-term assessment such as employment period assessment and project cycle assessment, and simplify and dilute the usual assessment. Open major national scientific research infrastructure and large-scale scientific research instruments to the society, and improve the use efficiency of scientific research equipment and the synergistic effect of innovation.

The fourth is to optimize all kinds of talent policies and actively shape the ecological environment of scientific and technological talents suitable for people to give full play to their talents.Vigorously carry forward the spirit of "two bombs and one satellite" with innovation as the core in the whole society, and vigorously cultivate an environment that encourages innovation and tolerates failure. Consultation channels should be established for management issues and financial systems with strong policies, and good practices, experiences and cases of local and unit scientific and technological talents development should be well publicized.　

(The author Qian Cheng is an associate researcher at the Institute of Public Administration and Human Resources of the State Council Development Research Center; Feng Wenmeng is a researcher at the Institute of Public Administration and Human Resources of the State Council Development Research Center)

According to the latest real-time statistics of WHO, at present, there are 1,995,983 cases diagnosed in COVID-19 and 131,037 deaths worldwide, 1,013,093 cases diagnosed in Europe and more than 1.91 million cases outside China.

More than 650,000 cases were diagnosed in the United States, and the cumulative death toll exceeded 30,000 cases.

According to the global COVID-19 data real-time statistical system released by Johns Hopkins University, as of 6 pm EST on April 16th, the United States reported 658,263 confirmed cases and 32,186 deaths in COVID-19, and 3,262,921 cases were detected. In the past 24 hours, there were 23,288 newly diagnosed cases and 4,246 new deaths in the United States. The data shows that the number of deaths in the United States reached a new high on the 16th.

Protests against "home orders" have appeared in many places in the United States, and cooperation and coordination among seven central and western States have reopened.

Recently, protests against home orders have appeared in many places in the United States, which has put pressure on state governments. On the 15th in Michigan, thousands of demonstrators protested around the state capitol, saying that epidemic prevention measures were causing small businesses to die. Protests also took place in Kentucky and North Carolina.

△ The picture shows the activities of protesting home orders in Michigan, USA.

In Michigan alone, more than 1 million people (about a quarter of the state’s workforce) applied for unemployment benefits.

The new york Times commented that the scale of protests like Michigan shows that people’s patience is limited. As anxiety, uncertainty and unemployment increase, the next few weeks will be a test for state governors and local leaders.

Apple and Google jointly promoted the US version of "Health Code" to track infected people with Bluetooth, and Cook promised not to invade privacy.

On April 15th, Fox News reported that Apple and Google intend to jointly develop new technology to help officials track COVID-19 infected people. This technology is directly embedded in IOS and Android systems and tracked via Bluetooth. If users have contact with infected people, they will be reminded even if they are not connected to the internet. In the tweet, Cook promised not to invade people’s privacy, and said that he would share the data in Google Maps to help the government understand how people travel in the community.

The cumulative number of confirmed cases in France reached 100,000.

On the evening of April 16th, local time, as of that day, 108,847 cases of COVID-19 were confirmed in France, an increase of 2,641 cases compared with the previous day. A total of 17,920 deaths were reported, an increase of 753 cases over the previous day.

French medical staff who treat COVID-19 patients can receive a subsidy of up to 1,500 euros.

According to the British "Guardian" news on April 15th, French Prime Minister édouard Philippe announced an "emergency economic plan". According to the plan, French doctors, nurses and other staff participating in COVID-19 patient rescue activities will receive tax-free bonus subsidies ranging from 500 euros to 1,500 euros. Bonuses will be distributed according to the risk coefficient, and medical staff who are on the front line of anti-epidemic and have a high risk of infection will receive relatively high subsidies.

At the same time, the overtime pay of medical staff participating in the anti-epidemic work will be increased by 50%, and with the above subsidies, qualified medical staff can get more than 2,000 euros in additional income. The Guardian reported that bonuses and overtime pay for medical staff are expected to cost 1.3 billion euros, which is part of the French government’s 110 billion euro "economic revitalization" budget.

More than 600 people on the French "De Gaulle" were diagnosed and 20 sailors were hospitalized.

According to foreign media reports, a spokesman for the French navy said on the 16th that about 20 sailors were still hospitalized after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic on the French aircraft carrier "De Gaulle". The French military has ordered an investigation into how the "De Gaulle" broke out.

The French Ministry of Defence said on the 15th that a total of 1,767 naval soldiers were tested, almost all from the "Charles de Gaulle", and at least 668 people showed positive reaction. The "De Gaulle" set sail for the eastern Mediterranean on January 21st to support French military operations against extremists in Iraq and Syria, and then went to the Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea. Later, the "De Gaulle" participated in the exercise of the Nordic Navy in the Baltic Sea, but returned to Toulon two weeks early after the sailors developed COVID-19 symptoms.

Britain became the sixth country in the world with more than 100,000 confirmed cases.

On the 16th local time, the latest news released by the British Ministry of Health showed that there were 4,618 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the UK in a single day, with a total of 103,093 confirmed cases, making it the sixth country in the world with more than 100,000 confirmed cases. There were 861 new deaths, and the cumulative number of deaths rose to 13,729.

The British Parliament will resume on April 21st, and it will be conducted remotely by video for the first time in history.

The British House of Commons announced on the 16th that the British Parliament will resume on April 21st. Affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, Members of Parliament will hold the meeting by video conference, which is the first time in the history of the British Parliament for more than 700 years that it will be held remotely.

The British government issued badges to nursing home workers, but it was bombarded: what was lacking was protective equipment.

On April 15th, the British Minister of Health said at the epidemic briefing that special badges would be issued to nursing home workers, so that they could be recognized and receive the same welfare treatment as NHS medical staff. However, this move has caused widespread criticism. Many people question that nurses do not need badges, but need personal protective equipment and virus detection reagents. At present, there are more than 2,000 nursing homes in the UK with COVID-19 epidemic, but the number of deaths in nursing homes is not included in the number of deaths in COVID-19. The British government promised to strengthen virus testing in nursing homes to prevent the spread of the epidemic.

Britain announced an extension of the blockade for at least three weeks.

On the 16th, local time, Dominique Rab, the acting foreign secretary in charge of the British government, announced that the British blockade would be extended for at least three weeks to curb the spread of COVID-19.

Rab said that the premature relaxation of the blockade measures will damage the economy and the health care system, and the government will only make adjustments under conditions that it considers safe, but it is impossible to predict the time. The British government will conduct an assessment on May 7 to decide whether to extend or adjust the blockade ban.

There were 3,448 new confirmed cases of COVID-19, with a total of 27,938 confirmed cases.

According to the Moscow Epidemic Prevention Command on the 16th, in the past 24 hours, there were 3,448 newly confirmed cases in COVID-19, with a total of 27,938 confirmed cases. Russian infectious disease experts believe that the number of newly confirmed cases will continue to hit a new high in a single day. At present, the epidemic in Russia has not reached its peak, and it is expected that the peak will come from June to July.

President Putin said that preparations for the May 9th military parade will be postponed.

On the 16th local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin said that due to the COVID-19 epidemic, preparations for the May 9th military parade would be postponed. He also stressed that the Red Square parade and the "Immortal Legion" parade will still be held this year.

Confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been found in all Russian federal entities.

On the afternoon of 16th local time, the Altai Republic of Russian Federation announced the first confirmed case of COVID-19. So far, all 85 federal entities in Russia have been infected.

Russian Deputy Prime Minister Gorikova said that at present, the vast majority of cases are concentrated in the capital Moscow and Moscow State, and the peak of COVID-19 epidemic in Russia still needs to wait for several weeks. According to Russian infectious disease expert Nikolai Malshev’s prediction, the turning point of COVID-19 epidemic in Russia will come from June to early July.

IndiaThere were 826 newly confirmed cases, with a total of 12,759 confirmed cases.

According to the latest data of COVID-19 epidemic released by Indian Ministry of Health on 16th, as of 17: 00 that day, there were 826 new confirmed cases in India, with a total of 12,759 confirmed cases, 1,515 cured cases and 420 deaths.

The number of confirmed cases in COVID-19, the largest slum in India, rose to 86, with 9 deaths.

According to Indian media reports, as of the afternoon of 16th local time, the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Talawi slum, India’s largest slum, rose to 86, including 9 deaths. Compared with the previous day, 26 new cases were confirmed.

Since the first confirmed case of COVID-19 appeared in the slums of Talawi on April 1st, the number of confirmed cases has been rising. The local media are worried that Talawi may become the biggest "time bomb" in the Indian epidemic due to its dense population, tight space and worrying health conditions.

India’s comprehensive blockade is extended, and the textile industry may lay off 10 million people.

According to Indian media reports, the Indian Garment Manufacturers Association (CMAI) said that more than 80% of the Indian garment industry is small and micro enterprises, and most enterprises simply cannot survive the epidemic for three to six months. According to CMAI, there are about 3,700 registered enterprises and more than 700,000 employees. If the Indian government does not take assistance measures in wage subsidies or return to work plans, the number of jobs in the entire textile industry in India will be greatly reduced, and the total number of layoffs may be as high as 10 million. As the textile industry is an important economic pillar of India, once it falls, it will lead to serious consequences.

650,000 sets of rapid detection kits ordered by India from China arrived.

The Indian government announced on the 16th local time that it had received 650,000 sets of rapid detection kits ordered from China. Dr Raman, head of epidemiology and infectious diseases of Indian Medical Research Council, said that these kits are mainly used to monitor the changing trend of infection in hot spots in COVID-19, India. The purpose is monitoring, not diagnosis.

This shipment is part of an Indian order for 15 million sets of personal protective equipment (PPE) and 1.5 million sets of rapid detection kits from China.

It is estimated that in the next two weeks, six more batches of medical supplies will arrive from China.

There are 570 new cases of COVID-19’s disease in Japan, and 9292 cases have been diagnosed.

According to a report by the Japan Broadcasting Association TV station at 22: 49 local time on April 16th, there were 570 new cases of COVID-19 in Japan that day, with a total of 9,292 confirmed cases and 186 deaths.

Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe: Japan is in a state of emergency.

On April 16th, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe declared a state of emergency in all parts of the country.State, the end time is May 6th. On April 7, Abe declared a state of emergency in seven regions including Tokyo based on the Special Measures Law. As the epidemic spread in Japan, Abe extended the scope of application of the declaration of state of emergency to all parts of Japan.

Several employees were infected and the headquarters of Asahi TV Station in Japan was blocked.

On April 16th, Japanese media reported that the headquarters building of Asahi TV Station will be blocked for three days from 17th to 19th for comprehensive disinfection and cleaning. Except for some employees who participate in the live broadcast of the program, others are not allowed to enter in principle. On April 15th, COVID-19 was diagnosed by two employees of the news program "Reporting Station", one was the chief producer of the program and the other was the production employee of the program. Previously, a host of the station was also diagnosed with infection.

Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus: The number of deaths has increased tragically.

The lifting of restrictions must be carried out carefully.

On 16th local time, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of WHO, said at the briefing of the delegation that WHO had received nearly 2 million cases of COVID-19, and the death toll increased by more than 40,000 cases compared with last week’s briefing. This is a frightening and tragic increase, but some countries in the "epicenter" of the epidemic have also shown encouraging signs.

Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus stressed that some countries are considering lifting restrictions, but they must proceed with great care. If it is released too quickly, it will face the risk of recurrence of the epidemic, which may lead to more serious situations.

Image Network is integrated from Johns Hopkins University data, CCTV news, People’s Daily, Beijing News, overseas network, Yonhap News Agency, Associated Press, Kyodo News, Sputnik news agency & radio, BBC, etc.

　　CCTV News:On April 10th, the State Council Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism held a press conference. Ren Hongbin, Assistant Minister of Commerce, and Li Xinggan, Director of Foreign Trade Department, introduced relevant measures to stabilize foreign trade and answered questions from reporters.

　　Ren Hongbin, Assistant Minister of Commerce, introduced that in order to promote the development of cross-border e-commerce, the State Council has introduced a series of policies and measures to support enterprise development, mainly in three aspects:

　　First, in terms of taxation, for the goods that the e-commerce export enterprises in the comprehensive test area have not obtained valid purchase vouchers, the tax exemption policies for value-added tax and consumption tax will be tried out according to the regulations, and at the same time, the approved collection methods for enterprise income tax will be implemented, and the income tax will be levied at the lowest taxable income rate of 4%, which has solved the industry’s concern that the tax burden will be too heavy due to the lack of input invoices.

　　Second, in terms of supervision, the cities where the qualified comprehensive test area is located can be included in the pilot scope of cross-border e-commerce retail import, and the bonded stocking business can be carried out. The imported goods are supervised according to personal use items, and the preferential tax rate is applicable within the trading limit.

　　Third, in terms of facilitation, the application of "simplified classification and list clearance" will increase the single transaction limit of cross-border foreign exchange payment by payment institutions, simplify the procedures for the receipt and payment of small and micro cross-border e-commerce goods, and give priority to the establishment of facilitation measures such as the International Mail Exchange Bureau.

In order to do a good job in the scientific implementation of the "Class B and B Management" of Covid-19 infection in rural areas of our province, on January 5, the emergency headquarters Office of Sichuan Province issued "Guiding Opinions on Actively Doing a Good Job in the Prevention and Control of Covid-19 Infection in Rural Areas" and Health Service (hereinafter referred to as "Opinions"), guiding local sinking forces, moving forward the customs, taking the initiative to serve and getting home from work, and insisting on "early detection, early identification and early intervention"

The opinion puts forward five "initiatives", namely, taking the initiative to reach home for personnel, taking the initiative to reach home for cadres, taking the initiative to reach home for health services, taking the initiative to reach home for epidemic prevention drugs, and taking the initiative to reach home for prevention and control requirements.

Take the initiative to arrange people to arrive at home, and ask all localities to organize village cadres, grid workers, volunteers and other forces to find out the situation of people in the village in accordance with the principle of "one household, one check, one day check, and one day check", and then dynamically update them through the combination of online and offline. Improve the accounts of key groups such as the elderly aged 65 and over and those with basic diseases in the village, and dynamically grasp the situation of returnees.

Take the initiative to contact the cadres at home, and the secretaries at the county, township and village levels will take the lead. The township cadres, village cadres, the first secretary in the village and the task force, party member, volunteers and other forces should sink into the households and move forward, so as to scientifically and accurately do all the work of epidemic prevention and control. Do a detailed rural grid management service, establish and improve the working mechanism of county, township and village grading and zoning to contact and serve key rural people.

Take the initiative to provide health services home, identify a person in charge of health management for each elderly person, and conduct health monitoring every day. Mobile roving medical teams are dispatched in villages and towns to provide medical treatment and referral services for the masses. County-level medical communities have made clear that special personnel are responsible for the referral connection, simplified the referral process of critically ill patients, established and unblocked the green channel for referral of critically ill patients, and improved the referral efficiency.

Take the initiative to get epidemic prevention drugs home, and set up reserve points for medical epidemic prevention materials in short supply at different levels. According to the standard of serving 15% to 20% of the population, we will strengthen the supply of medical materials such as fever reduction and cough relief in village clinics and community health service stations. Equipped with a certain number of small molecular drugs, and standardized use under the guidance of higher-level hospitals. For destitute people, elderly people suffering from basic diseases, and elderly people living alone in empty nests, township organizations distribute antipyretics and other "love and epidemic prevention health packages" in advance, and distribute finger-clip oximeters to key people over 65 who are at risk of severe Covid-19 infection and have difficulty in moving.

Take the initiative to achieve prevention and control requirements at home, give full play to the role of "village ringing" radio and "understanding card", and let the masses know the basic knowledge of Covid-19 infection, the process of treatment, and the 24-hour consultation telephone number of village cadres and local township hospitals. Properly control cluster activities and promote the progress of vaccination. (Reporter   Kan Yingying)

Barrier-free environment construction is the basis for ensuring the full and convenient participation and integration of special groups such as the disabled into social life and promoting all social personnel to share the fruits of economic and social development. The Supreme People’s Procuratorate, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and the China Disabled Persons’ Federation have jointly released a number of typical cases of public interest litigation in barrier-free environment construction, promoting barrier-free environment construction from three aspects: barrier-free facilities construction, barrier-free information exchange and barrier-free social services, and safeguarding the rights and interests of specific groups such as the disabled and the elderly.

In recent years, in the process of promoting new urban construction, many places have built barrier-free facilities that are humanized, systematic, intelligent and coordinated with the surrounding environment by building barrier-free parking spaces, adding intelligent blind roads, and guiding the blind on the bus, making the life and travel of the disabled, the elderly and other groups more "unobstructed and loving".

Add intelligent blind roads to make travel unimpeded

[Highlights]

In some cities, intelligent blind roads with embedded electronic sensors have been added to urban roads, and the intelligent guidance system for helping the blind is synchronized. When blind citizens cross the street, the smart bracelet and mobile phone APP will activate the intelligent system, remind the passing vehicles to slow down and be polite, and guide the blind citizens to pass safely.

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In order to help visually impaired people travel safely, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, launched an intelligent blind zebra crossing last year, which combines video surveillance and radio frequency identification equipment to improve the traffic safety factor to a greater extent.

"The reason for increasing the blind road design is because we received feedback from the masses in May last year that there are more visually impaired people near this road, about 100. Due to the lack of barrier-free facilities in this section, there are great security risks for visually impaired people. " The staff of relevant departments said. In October last year, after many investigations and technical research and development, the relevant departments of Nanning added a zebra crossing with blind lanes embedded in it, with a length of nearly 30 meters, which was synchronized with an intelligent guidance system for the blind, and a chip bracelet was distributed for the visually impaired. According to reports, whenever visually impaired people cross the street, the guidance system for the blind will sense the signal of their bracelets, and LED display screens, warning lights, voice prompts and other equipment on the north and south sides of the intersection will give early warning to passing vehicles by visual and sound means to remind them to slow down and be polite. "When crossing this zebra crossing, the bracelet doesn’t have to be held in your hand and put in your pocket. The blind guidance system can also sense it, which makes it easier for us to walk." Tao Jin, a visually impaired person, said.

It is worth noting that in the pavement design, the zebra crossing is granular, and the concave and convex feeling of stepping on it can guide the visually impaired. At night, the guidance system for the blind will also send out laser tips to make them cross the street safer.

In October this year, the first special blind road with embedded electronic equipment in Zhuzhou City, Hunan Province was officially opened. This blind road is located at the intersection of Changjiang North Road and Mingzhu Road in Tianyuan District, and it crosses the underground passage of the main road. Relevant departments have added electronic equipment to the original blind road in this section to guide the blind people to walk intelligently and improve their travel experience. Electronic sensors are embedded in the middle of this blind road at intervals, and electronic speakers are installed at every corner. Blind people can seamlessly link to the electronic blind road guidance system through the mobile phone APP, and the mobile phone and electronic speakers will give voice prompts, accompanied by obstacles and stairs to guide blind citizens to pass safely.

On-line interactive system makes guidance unimpeded

[Highlights]

Some cities have built intelligent voice interactive public toilets and bus guide blind systems. The blind can arouse the voice interactive system, not only ask the specific location of some public facilities, but also give an alarm to seek outside help in case of emergency.

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"Right in front of you are the smart toilets and children’s toilets side by side, and your right hand side is the sink …" This leading voice comes from a barrier-free public toilet in Jianghan Community, Changhe Street, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province.

It is understood that there are seven "AI intelligent barrier-free public toilets" in Jianghan community, some are located in communities, some are located beside parks, and some are in commercial buildings. In such a public bathroom, as soon as the door is opened, the AI intelligent vocal guidance system will broadcast the facilities and location in the bathroom by voice.

"This is our vocal guidance system specially designed for the visually impaired. With this system, after entering the private barrier-free public toilet, they can independently and quickly locate and use the facilities in the house, and there is no need to grope around for the sink. " The relevant person in charge of Jianghan Community said. In addition to the smart toilet, the improved version of the double-handle armrest and backrest, the inside of the bathroom door is equipped with a closing handle, which is convenient for wheelchair users to close the door. At the same time, it is specially equipped with Braille guidance, alarm bell and children’s toilet and multifunctional nursing table.

Not long ago, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province launched version 2.0 of the bus guide system for the blind. Visually impaired people can quickly know the distance of vehicles and the location of waiting stations by shaking their smartphones.

It is understood that when waiting for a bus, visually impaired people can hear how many stops before the next bus arrives at the waiting station as long as they gently shake their mobile phones, and the distance of the vehicles will also be informed. If the road environment is noisy, visually impaired people can gently shake their mobile phones close to their ears, so that they can hear the location of waiting vehicles more clearly and avoid the situation that they can’t get on the bus because they can’t hear the station announcement information.

At the same time, when the driver hears the vehicle automatically broadcasting the arrival reminder, he can know in time that the visually impaired people at the site need to get on the bus, and the driver can also actively find, check and wait for the visually impaired people at the site to get on the bus through this system. The bus guide system for the blind (Version 2.0) closely connects the driver and the visually impaired waiting for the bus, realizing the "two-way trip" between the driver and the passenger, and bringing more intimate guide service for the visually impaired.

Humanized transformation makes service have love.

[Highlights]

Some cities adhere to the principles of "individuation" and "humanization", and comprehensively consider various factors such as the category, degree and characteristics of the disabled, install intelligent equipment for the families of the disabled, or add intelligent facilities in public places to promote the transformation of barrier-free transformation from infrastructure transformation to intelligent transformation.

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How to make the disabled and the elderly better participate in social life? Playing cards in the square, going to the park for fun, and taking a comfortable hot bath … The answer may lie in this "loving" humanized service.

Recently, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and other three departments jointly issued a number of typical cases of procuratorial public interest litigation for barrier-free environment construction to effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of specific groups such as the disabled and the elderly. Among them, in the "Administrative Public Interest Litigation Case of Shenzhen People’s Procuratorate Urging to Improve the Barrier-free Function of the Audible Warning Device for Crossing the Street", the relevant departments in Shenzhen took immediate measures to implement the rectification in view of the problems such as the absence of the Audible Warning Device for Crossing the Street at the crosswalk and improper maintenance and management of the device. Relevant departments have explored the installation of a new type of intelligent audio warning device for crossing the street. After the pilot, they have planned to install it at all eligible newly-built or rebuilt intersections in Nanshan District and Longgang District of Shenzhen, and gradually push it out in the whole city.

Not only in Shenzhen, but also in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, demonstration projects have been actively built, and 12 sets of intelligent sound prompting devices have been installed at the intersection of Laodong Road and Xihuan Road in conjunction with relevant departments. In addition, Suzhou has also explored the pilot of intelligent barrier-free bus guide service in the city, and launched a "barrier-free network car ride" for special groups in the province to meet the travel needs of disabled passengers.

In addition to further improving the service facilities in public places, some places have also actively promoted the intelligent transformation of home barrier-free facilities.

Ms. Zheng, who lives in Beitou Community, Anlin Station Town, Feicheng City, Shandong Province, has been unable to stand on her lower limbs because of polio sequelae since childhood. She has to work hard several times more than normal people to do many simple things, such as turning on and off lights, pulling curtains and drying clothes. Considering her actual situation, the relevant departments of Feicheng City included her home in the scope of this year’s barrier-free intelligent transformation, and installed a number of intelligent facilities and equipment for her, including smart lights, electric curtains and electric lifting clothes racks.

"Things that were inconvenient or impossible in the past can now be done alone." Ms. Zheng said that the barrier-free intelligent transformation has solved her big trouble and made her home life more convenient, comfortable and safe.

Since its establishment in 2005, Hangzhou Jinghua Microelectronics Co., Ltd. has been working hard in the field of high-performance analog and digital-analog mixed integrated circuits and has made continuous breakthroughs.

Jinghua Micro Company focuses on the research and development and sales of high-performance analog and digital-analog mixed integrated circuits, and provides users with one-stop integrated circuit design and product application solutions with strong innovative design capabilities and advanced quality assurance system. For many years, we have insisted on independent innovation, and have a number of core technologies, such as digital-analog mixed SoC technology integrating high-precision AFE and MCU, high-performance analog signal chain design capability, etc., and obtained a number of patents and soft ownership.

The company’s products are rich and diverse, covering medical and health SoC chips, industrial control and instrument chips, intelligent sensing SoC chips, analog signal chains, BMS AFE, etc., which are widely used in many fields such as medical and health, industrial control and automation, instrumentation, electric equipment and tools, smart home and so on.

In the field of medical and health care, Jinghua Micro has introduced high-performance SoC chips for eight-electrode body fat scales and other products to meet the application scenarios such as high-end human health measurement IC. With the improvement of residents’ health awareness, the company upgraded and developed a new generation of sphygmomanometer, oximeter and blood glucose meter chips to improve ADC performance and EMC performance of the system to meet public health needs.

In the field of industrial instruments, Jinghua Micro focuses on the layout of special chips for temperature, pressure and liquid level signal conditioning and transmission and output, completes the prototype design of various application schemes and continues to promote them, while developing products with higher cost performance.

In the field of intelligent perception, the company designs home appliance control chips with touch buttons, enters the small household appliance market, and studies anti-interference algorithms to improve reliability.

In BMS field, the project is in the stage of R&D and design, and will be applied to many fields in the future.

Jinghuawei’s high-performance commercial pricing scale chip and high-performance sphygmomanometer and blood glucose meter special chip have been supplied, and many other chips will be launched one after another.

Jinghua Micro’s core technical team has rich experience, insists on independent innovation, and its R&D investment is increasing year by year, and it has established joint laboratories with many universities.

　　Zhongxin. com Sichuan News, December 21st On the evening of 21st, the opening ceremony of the 19th mutton food cultural tourism season in Jianyang, hosted by CPC Jianyang Municipal Committee and jianyang city Municipal People’s Government, and hosted by jianyang city Culture, Sports and Tourism Bureau and jianyang city Wenlv Industry Development Service Center, was held in Donglai Impression Square, jianyang city.

Opening ceremony (Photo courtesy of jianyang city Culture, Sports and Tourism Bureau)

　　At the opening ceremony, an ancient traditional ceremony with a strong sense of ceremony, Xiongzhou Ceremony, kicked off. Dancers dressed in traditional costumes combined with the grand momentum of China drums performed the ceremony. Jianyang’s 19th mutton food cultural tourism season strategy was launched in the whole city at the opening ceremony. The strategy takes the form of animation, leading everyone from Chengdu to Jianyang by self-driving and motor train, and then starting a one-day food tour. In this mutton food culture tourism season, Luo Xiaogang, Fei Ge, Bao Er Ye, Lan Mei and other local celebrities who are representative of food tourism were also hired as "Jianyang food culture tourism recommenders". The recommender will recommend many Jianyang cuisines, show the "Raiders" video posted on my new media social account, like the number of messages, etc., and the live PK is very lively.

Opening ceremony (Photo courtesy of jianyang city Culture, Sports and Tourism Bureau)

　　Finally, with the enthusiastic performance of "Welcome to Jianyang", the leaders and guests at the scene lit up the starting device and lit up the impression of Donglai (Jianyang Cultural and Sports Center). The 19th mutton food cultural tourism season in Jianyang was officially launched.

Beautiful view of Jianyang city (courtesy of jianyang city Culture, Sports and Tourism Bureau)

　　It is reported that the "Wenlv Huimin Changyou Voucher" issued by Jianyang (hereinafter referred to as "Huimin Voucher") totals 500,000 yuan, and the issuing time is from December 21, 2022 to January 31, 2023. Users can collect it on the homepage of "Jianyang Publishing" in WeChat official account and check the information of participating businesses. It is reported that there are more than 6,000 Huimin vouchers in 300 yuan, 200 yuan, 100 yuan and 50 yuan, which are distributed daily on a first-come-first-served basis. Huimin coupon is valid from December 21st, 2022 to January 31st, 2023, and can be shared with other platform activities and other offers.

　　If "mutton soup" is a golden signboard in Jianyang, the mutton food culture tourism season is a magic weapon to attract guests in Jianyang. In the mutton food culture tourism season, we should do enough "sheep" articles, and through the combination of online and offline, we can cut in from six latitudes: eating, living, traveling, traveling, shopping and entertainment, so as to stimulate consumption, encourage businesses, realize drainage and increase income. It can not only accelerate the recovery of Jianyang tourism market and promote consumption, but also further enhance the attraction, supply and competitiveness of Jianyang cultural tourism.

Jianyang Mutton Soup (Photo courtesy of jianyang city Culture, Sports and Tourism Bureau)

　　When the opening ceremony of the 19th mutton food cultural tourism season in Jianyang was successfully concluded, the music was melodious and the lights were bright, and restaurants along the way were crowded and business was booming … … Bowls of steaming mutton soup bear Jianyang’s yearning for romance and poetry, as well as the daily life of Jianyang citizens.

　　Looking back on the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" just passed, the GDP of Jianyang has reached 50 billion yuan, and the local general public budget revenue has exceeded 3 billion yuan. It has been rated as a county (city, district) with strong county economic development in Sichuan Province for two consecutive years, and the comprehensive competitiveness of county economy has entered the top 100 counties (cities) in China. Jianyang is located on the "main axis" of Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle. In Sichuan Province, Jianyang is directly radiated by Tianfu New District and Chengdu East New District, and it is also the key link in the development of Chengdu-Germany Meizi’s urbanization … … All these will inevitably promote the transformation of Jianyang’s next "five-year" urban development. In 2022, people who came to Jianyang because of this bowl of mutton soup have happily felt this change. In 2022, in the crucial year of the implementation of the 14th Five-Year Plan, Jianyang is striding forward towards the goal of airport Jianyang, strength Jianyang, livable Jianyang, vitality Jianyang and happiness Jianyang. "Five new Jianyang" are taking off in the butterfly.

I. Background

　　Since the 21st century, with the rapid development of China’s economy and society, people’s work and lifestyle have changed, and the physical activity of residents has decreased significantly. Insufficient physical activity is the fourth independent factor leading to human death. Sports activities have become the most active, effective and economical way of life to enhance the national physique and improve the health level.
　　Our government attaches great importance to the important role of sports activities in strengthening physical fitness and improving health level. In 1995, the State Council promulgated and implemented the Outline of the National Fitness Program; In 2007, the State Council issued "Opinions on Strengthening Youth Sports to Enhance Youth Physical Fitness"; In 2014, the State Council issued "Several Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Sports Industry and Promoting Sports Consumption"; In 2016, the State Council issued the Outline of Healthy China 2030, which made clear arrangements for developing mass sports activities, advocating the new fashion of national fitness and promoting the construction of a healthy China.　　
　　Since the implementation of the National Fitness Program in 1995, China’s mass sports undertakings have developed vigorously, sports administrative departments at all levels have actively implemented the Outline of the National Fitness Program, and the youth sports work has been continuously promoted, and the awareness of sports activities has been significantly enhanced; The average area of gymnasiums and gymnasiums in China is 1.57 square meters, and the proportion of people who regularly participate in sports activities is 33.9%. The forms of sports activities for the elderly are rich and colorful, and the quality of life is improved. According to the data of the sixth census, the average life expectancy in China is 74.9 years. The social atmosphere in which sports activities have become an important means to keep fit has been formed.
　　However, we should be aware that the role of sports activities in strengthening the national physique and improving the health level has not been fully exerted, and there is still a big gap from the requirements of a healthy China. According to relevant national survey data, although the proportion of people who regularly participate in sports activities in China has increased year by year, the overweight rate and obesity rate of residents have also continued to increase, and the changes of indicators such as adolescent endurance, adult muscle strength and endurance, and elderly muscle strength are not optimistic. The incidence of chronic non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes is on the rise, and many research results of sports activities in the field of health promotion have not been fully applied to practice. Most residents have great blindness when participating in sports activities. There is still much room for improvement in physical fitness and disease prevention and control. Therefore, it is urgent to issue an authoritative guide to physical fitness activities at the national level to guide residents to engage in physical fitness activities scientifically.
　　According to the actual situation of China residents’ participation in physical fitness activities, the National Fitness Guide systematically summarizes and integrates the relevant national research results in the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the Eleventh Five-Year Plan and the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, and is compiled based on the measured data of China residents’ physical fitness. It mainly includes the effect of physical fitness activities, the test and evaluation of sports ability, the principles of physical fitness activities, the guiding scheme of physical fitness activities and so on.

Second, the effect of physical fitness activities

　　In ancient China, there was a written record of improving human health through introduction. A large number of modern research results have confirmed that regular participation in physical fitness activities can effectively enhance physical fitness, prevent diseases, and improve study and work efficiency.

　　(A) to enhance physical fitness, improve health.

　　Constitution refers to the comprehensive and relatively stable characteristics of human morphological structure, physiological function and psychological factors on the basis of heredity and acquisition. Physical fitness activities can improve the cardiopulmonary function, muscle strength, flexibility, balance and reaction ability of human body, and improve body composition, so as to achieve the effect of enhancing physical fitness and improving health level.

　　1. Improve cardiopulmonary function

　　Cardiopulmonary function is one of the core factors affecting physical fitness and health. Low cardiopulmonary function can lead to an increased risk of premature death. Regular physical activities can improve cardiac contractility and vital capacity, regulate blood pressure, improve blood lipids, have a good impact on cardiopulmonary function, and obviously improve the cardiopulmonary function and health level of teenagers, middle-aged people and the elderly.

　　2. Improve body composition

　　Body composition refers to various substances that make up the body and their proportions, which are generally expressed by body fat content and muscle weight and their ratios. Studies have confirmed that excessive body fat, especially abdominal fat, can induce cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases. Physical activities based on aerobic exercise can increase fat consumption, reduce body fat content, increase muscle weight and improve body composition.

　　3. Increase muscle strength

　　Strength training can improve muscle strength and muscle fatigue resistance, promote the growth and development of teenagers, make their physique stronger, prevent symptoms such as waist pain, shoulder and neck pain caused by muscle strength attenuation, improve body balance, prevent the elderly from falling, maintain bone health, and prevent and delay osteoporosis.

　　4. Improve flexibility

　　Flexibility is not only an important sports skill, but also an important activity ability in daily life. Regular traction exercises can improve the elasticity of muscles and ligaments, increase the range of physical activities of teenagers, have beautiful body posture, reduce muscle strain, and prevent and treat joint diseases of middle-aged and elderly people.

　　5. Improve the happiness index

　　Physical exercise is an effective means of psychological intervention. Physical fitness activities can increase people’s sense of pleasure, make people relax, relieve stress, form a good psychological state, get physical and psychological satisfaction, make teenagers full of vitality, middle-aged and elderly people full of vitality, and improve happiness index.

　　(B) prevention and treatment of diseases, improve the quality of life

　　Physical activity can improve the functional level of human organs, enhance the body’s immunity and prevent diseases, especially for chronic non-communicable diseases. Chronic non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and osteoporosis, are important diseases that endanger the health of Chinese residents. Regular physical activities can effectively control the inducing factors of chronic non-communicable diseases, prevent the occurrence of chronic non-communicable diseases, and at the same time, it is also an effective means to treat chronic non-communicable diseases, improve the quality of life and reduce premature death caused by improper lifestyle and insufficient physical activity.

　　1. Cardiovascular disease

　　The prevalence of cardiovascular disease among Chinese residents is on the rise, and cardiovascular death ranks first among the total causes of death among urban and rural residents. Regular physical activities can reduce the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, effectively prevent cardiovascular diseases and promote the rehabilitation of patients with cardiovascular diseases by improving heart function and vascular elasticity, lowering blood pressure, reducing inflammatory factors and regulating blood lipids.

　　2. Diabetes

　　Diabetes is one of the common chronic diseases, and type 2 diabetes is the most common. Regular physical activity can regulate glucose metabolism, reduce blood sugar, improve the sensitivity of target cells to insulin, effectively prevent and treat type 2 diabetes, and delay the occurrence and development of complications. Physical activity can enhance the physique of diabetic patients and improve their quality of life.

　　3. Overweight and obesity

　　Overweight and obesity are characterized by weight gain and are usually expressed by body mass index (BMI). Overweight and obesity are related to many chronic diseases, including hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, some cancers and various musculoskeletal diseases. The most effective means to prevent and reduce obesity are physical activity and diet balance. Physical activity is the most active method to prevent and control obesity, which can help obese people control their weight, improve their physiological function, prevent weight rebound after losing weight and reduce the occurrence of chronic diseases related to obesity.

　　4. Osteoporosis

　　Osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease characterized by decreased bone density, changes in microstructure of bone tissue, and increased fracture susceptibility. Physical activity helps to increase bone mass, improve bone structure, slow down the loss of bone mass caused by aging, prevent falls and reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures by enhancing muscle strength and balance.

　　5. Cancer

　　Cancer, also known as malignant tumor, ranks second among the total causes of death among Chinese residents. Physical activity can reduce the risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer and other cancers, relieve the pain of postoperative treatment of cancer patients, and improve the survival rate and quality of life of cancer patients. The World Health Organization estimates that more than 30% of cancers can be prevented by physical activities.

　　6. Depression

　　Depression, also known as depressive disorder. In recent years, the incidence of depression in China is on the rise. Physical fitness activities can change the chemical composition of the brain, cause good emotional and state responses, effectively prevent depression, and have a positive intervention effect on patients with mild to moderate depression.

　　(C) improve the efficiency of study and work

　　Physical fitness activities can improve people’s cognitive ability and make people concentrate. Regular physical fitness activities can reduce the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, delay central fatigue, have a good impact on the nervous system, help improve the learning efficiency and academic performance of teenagers, extend the effective working hours of adults and improve work efficiency.

Third, the sports ability test and evaluation

　　Sports ability refers to the ability of the human body to engage in sports activities. The sports ability test and evaluation of this guide includes single sports ability test and evaluation and comprehensive sports ability evaluation. Before engaging in sports activities, the human body should comprehensively test and evaluate the indexes related to sports ability, so as to scientifically formulate personalized sports activities programs. At different stages of engaging in sports activities, we should regularly carry out sports ability tests to objectively evaluate the effect of sports activities and ensure the safety and effectiveness of sports activities.

　　(A) individual sports ability test and evaluation

　　Single exercise ability test includes aerobic exercise ability, muscle strength, flexibility, balance and reaction ability test. The evaluation of individual sports ability adopts a five-point system, with 5 being excellent, 4 being good, 3 being medium, 2 being poor and 1 being poor.

　　1. Aerobic exercise ability

　　Aerobic exercise ability reflects the ability of human body to carry out aerobic exercise for a long time, which is closely related to cardiopulmonary function. Strong aerobic exercise ability indicates good cardiopulmonary function. Good aerobic exercise ability is an important sign of good health. Regular participation in sports activities can maintain and improve the aerobic exercise ability of human body.

　　Maximum oxygen uptake is an important index to evaluate aerobic exercise ability.

　　2. Muscle strength

　　Muscle strength is the ability of muscles to overcome or resist resistance when they are nervous or contracting. Muscle strength test indicators include grip strength, back strength, push-ups, sit-ups, vertical jump test and so on.

　　3. Flexibility, balance and reaction ability

　　Flexibility refers to the range of motion of each joint during physical activity and the elasticity and stretching ability of ligaments, tendons, muscles, skin and other tissues across the joint. Good flexibility can increase the range of motion and reduce sports injuries.

　　② Balance refers to the ability to maintain body posture or control the center of gravity. Balance ability is the basis of static and dynamic activities. Good balance ability can effectively prevent all kinds of injuries caused by falls.

　　③ Reaction ability mainly refers to the ability of the human central nervous system to consciously control the rapid movement of the skeletal muscle system after receiving certain instructions or stimuli, which embodies the coordination between the nerve and the muscle system.

　　(2) Comprehensive sports ability evaluation

　　Cardiopulmonary function is one of the most important factors affecting human health, and aerobic exercise ability is closely related to cardiopulmonary function. Therefore, aerobic exercise ability is ranked first in the comprehensive exercise ability evaluation system, with a weight of 40%.

　　Obesity can induce a variety of chronic diseases and become an important risk factor for public health. BMI is an index reflecting the degree of obesity. In view of the important role of BMI in the evaluation system of physical fitness and health, and its obvious influence on sports ability, BMI is included in the comprehensive evaluation system of sports ability, with a weight of 20%.

　　The calculation formula of BMI is: weight (kg) divided by the square of height (m) [BMI= weight (kg)/height 2 (m 2)]. The normal range of BMI in Chinese is greater than 18.5 and less than 24, with BMI equal to or greater than 24 being overweight and equal to or greater than 28 being obese.

　　Muscle strength is closely related to exercise ability and quality of life, and its weight is 20%. The weights of flexibility, balance and responsiveness are 10%, 5% and 5% respectively.

　　According to the weights and coefficients of different individual sports ability indexes in the comprehensive sports ability evaluation, the comprehensive sports ability score is calculated, and the calculation method is as follows:

　　Comprehensive athletic ability score = aerobic athletic ability score ×8+ muscle strength score ×4+BMI score ×4+ flexibility score ×2+ balance ability score ×1+ reaction ability score ×1.

　　The comprehensive sports ability evaluation adopts four grades: 85 or above is excellent, 75 or above is good, 60 or above is qualified, and less than 60 is poor.

Fourth, the principle of physical fitness activities

　　Engaged in physical fitness activities, we must follow the following principles and develop good habits of physical fitness activities.

　　(A) the principle of safety

　　The principle of safety refers to that in the process of physical fitness activities, it is the primary principle to ensure that sports participants do not appear or try to avoid sports injury accidents. Before starting physical fitness activities, you should have a physical examination, comprehensively evaluate your physical condition and sports ability, and make a physical fitness program suitable for your own characteristics. Make full preparations before physical fitness activities, and do a good job of sorting out and relaxing after physical fitness activities.

　　(B) the principle of all-round development

　　The principle of all-round development means that in physical fitness activities, all parts of the body should participate in sports, so that the functional level of various organ systems can be generally improved, not only to improve cardiopulmonary function and immune ability, but also to improve physical fitness such as muscle strength and flexibility. Therefore, it is necessary to choose physical fitness activities involving the main muscle groups of the whole body to achieve all-round development results.

　　(3) The principle of gradual progress

　　The principle of gradual progress refers to scientifically and gradually increasing the time and intensity of physical fitness activities. The principle of step by step emphasizes that according to one’s adaptability to physical fitness activities, one should gradually increase the exercise load, so as to improve one’s physical function and athletic ability continuously, so as to achieve the best physical fitness activities.

　　(D) the principle of individuality

　　The principle of individuation refers to making individualized exercise and fitness programs according to everyone’s genetic characteristics, functional characteristics and exercise habits. When making an exercise and fitness program, it is necessary to carry out necessary medical examination and exercise ability test in order to understand everyone’s specific situation and make the exercise and fitness program more personalized.

Five, physical fitness program elements

　　To make a plan of physical fitness activities, we should mainly consider three basic elements: the way of physical fitness activities, the intensity of physical fitness activities and the time of physical fitness activities.

　　(A) Physical fitness activities

　　Physical exercise mode is the specific fitness means and methods adopted by physical fitness activists. According to the sports characteristics of different sports fitness activities, sports fitness activities can be classified into five categories: aerobic exercise, strength exercise, ball games, traditional sports in China and traction exercise.

　　1. Aerobic exercise

　　Aerobic exercise refers to the rhythmic periodic exercise in which the main muscle groups of the whole body participate under the condition of sufficient oxygen supply. During aerobic exercise, the main muscle groups of the whole body participate in the work, which can improve the human function in an all-round way and is the most popular way of physical activity at home and abroad. Aerobic exercise is divided into moderate intensity exercise and high intensity exercise. Moderate exercise intensity mainly includes fitness walking, jogging (6 ~ 8 km/h), cycling (12 ~ 16 km/h), mountain climbing, stair climbing, swimming, etc. High-intensity exercise mainly includes running (more than 8 km/h) and cycling (more than 16 km/h). Moderate intensity aerobic exercise has a steady rhythm and is the safest way for middle-aged and elderly people to exercise.

　　People should take aerobic exercise as the basic way of physical activity when doing physical fitness activities, and those who take improving cardiopulmonary function, losing weight, regulating blood pressure and improving blood lipid as the main purposes can choose aerobic exercise as the first choice.

　　2. Strength exercises

　　Strength training refers to the way that the human body overcomes resistance and improves muscle strength. Strength exercises include non-instrumental strength exercises and instrumental strength exercises. Non-instrumental exercises refer to strength exercises to overcome one’s own resistance, including push-ups, vertical jumping in situ, sit-ups, etc. Instrument strength exercise refers to the strength exercise that the human body carries out on various strength exercise instruments.

　　Strength exercises can improve muscle strength, increase muscle volume, develop muscle endurance, and promote bone development and bone health. Teenagers’ strength exercises can obviously improve their physical fitness and make their bodies stronger; After adulthood, with the growth of age, strength exercises should be increased year by year; Strength exercises for the elderly can improve their balance ability and prevent all kinds of accidental injuries caused by physical falls.

　　3. Ball games

　　Ball games include direct physical contact ball games and indirect physical contact ball games. The former includes basketball, football, rugby, hockey, ice hockey, etc. The latter includes volleyball, table tennis, badminton, tennis, gateball and softball.

　　Ball games are interesting, and participants’ interest in sports can be improved through competition and confrontation. Ball games have certain special technical requirements and need good physical fitness as the foundation. Regular participation in ball games can improve the body’s cardiopulmonary function, muscle strength and reaction ability, and adjust the psychological state, which is the first choice for teenagers.

　　4. Traditional sports in China.

　　Traditional sports in China include Wushu and Qigong. Specific forms of activities include Tai Ji Chuan (sword), Mulan Boxing (sword), martial arts routines, Wuqin Opera, Baduanjin, Yijinjing, Six-character Tactics and so on.

　　China’s traditional sports and fitness methods are gentle, soft and rigid, and emphasize the combination of ideas and physical activities, which has a unique health-keeping effect. It can improve the cardiopulmonary function and balance ability of human body, improve the function of nervous system and adjust mental state, and has good safety.

　　People, especially middle-aged and elderly people, whose main fitness purpose is to improve their balance, flexibility and coordination, improve their heart and lung functions and adjust their mental state can choose the traditional exercise and fitness methods in China.

　　5. Pulling exercises

　　Traction exercises include static traction exercises and dynamic traction exercises. Various traction exercises can increase the range of motion of joints, improve sports skills and reduce sports injuries.

　　Static traction includes positive pressure leg, side leg press, shoulder pressing, etc. Dynamic traction includes forward kicking, side kicking, waist swinging, etc. Those who take part in physical fitness activities for the first time should focus on static traction exercises, and gradually increase the content of dynamic traction exercises with the improvement of flexibility.

　　See Table 1 for the fitness effects of different sports activities.

　　Recommend sports activities according to the purpose of sports and fitness;

　　— — Physical exercisers whose main purpose is to improve their physical fitness and strengthen their bodies choose their favorite physical fitness activities that can be adhered to for a long time, such as aerobic exercise, ball games and traditional China fitness exercises.

　　— — Physical exercisers whose main purpose is to improve heart and lung function should choose aerobic exercise, ball games and other physical fitness activities in which the whole body muscles participate.

　　— — Physical exercisers whose main purpose is to reduce weight should choose long-term aerobic exercise. Long-term and moderate-intensity physical fitness activities can increase body fat consumption and reduce fat content. Long-term brisk walking, jogging and cycling are ideal exercise methods to reduce weight.

　　— — Physical exercisers whose main purpose is to adjust their mental state should choose various recreational ball games and traditional China sports such as Tai Ji Chuan and Qigong, so as to relieve their psychological pressure and improve their sleep.

　　— — Sports athletes whose main purpose is to increase muscle strength can choose instrumental strength exercises and non-instrumental strength exercises according to their own fitness needs and conditions. The effect of strength exercises is related to strength load and repetition times. Generally, strength exercises with large load and few repetitions mainly develop muscle strength, while strength exercises with small load and multiple repetitions mainly develop muscle endurance.

　　— — Physical exercisers with the main purpose of improving flexibility can choose various pulling exercises, especially in the preparation and relaxation stages, which can not only save physical exercise time, but also achieve better fitness results. Various aerobic exercises, aerobics, Tai Ji Chuan, Qigong and yoga can improve flexibility.

　　— — Physical exercisers whose main purpose is to improve their balance ability can choose various special balance training methods, including sitting balance ability exercise, standing balance ability exercise and sports balance ability exercise. Tai Ji Chuan (sword), table tennis, badminton, tennis, softball and other sports can also improve the balance ability of the human body.

　　— — Physical exercisers whose main purpose is to improve their reaction ability can choose various ball games, such as table tennis, badminton, basketball, football and tennis, which can improve their reaction ability.

　　See Table 2 for the recommended sports activities according to the purpose of sports and fitness.

　　(B) the intensity of physical fitness activities

　　The intensity of physical fitness activities is an important content of making physical fitness activities plan. The intensity is too small, and there is no obvious fitness effect; Excessive intensity is not only bad for fitness, but also may cause sports injuries.

　　1, the intensity of physical fitness activities.

　　The intensity of physical fitness activities can be divided into three levels: low intensity, medium intensity and high intensity.

　　Low-intensity exercise has little stimulation to the body, and the center rate of exercise process is generally less than 100 times/minute, such as walking.

　　Moderate intensity exercise stimulates the body moderately, and the center rate of exercise process is generally 100 ~ 140 times/minute, such as walking, jogging, cycling, Tai Ji Chuan, tennis doubles and so on.

　　High-intensity exercise can stimulate the body, which can further improve the fitness effect. The sports center rate exceeds 140 times/minute, such as running, fast cycling, fast-paced aerobics and fast mountain climbing, stair climbing, tennis singles, etc.

　　People with good exercise habits and good physique can do high-intensity and moderate-intensity exercise; People with certain exercise habits and good physique can use moderate intensity exercise; People who participate in physical fitness activities or are weak in physique at the beginning can exercise at moderate or low intensity. Physical exercisers can adjust their exercise intensity scientifically according to their own conditions to adapt to individual conditions when implementing the physical fitness program.

　　2. Monitoring the intensity of physical fitness activities

　　The indexes for monitoring the intensity of physical fitness activities include exercise center rate, breathing changes during exercise and self-feeling during exercise.

　　(1) monitoring the intensity of physical fitness activities with heart rate.

　　The greater the intensity of physical fitness activities, the more obvious the body and heart respond to sports stimuli and the faster the heart rate. Generally, the maximum heart rate percentage and the measured heart rate during exercise are commonly used to monitor the intensity of physical exercise.

　　The maximum heart rate refers to the fastest heartbeat frequency that can be achieved during human movement, expressed in beats/minute. There are two methods to measure the maximum heart rate: direct measurement and indirect inference. For direct measurement, it is necessary to adopt incremental load exercise testing in special testing institutions, which requires special exercise testing instruments and equipment.

　　The maximum heart rate of human body is related to age, and the maximum heart rate of normal people can be calculated by the following formula: maximum heart rate (beats/minute) =220- age (year)

　　During physical exercise, the heart rate is 85% or above the maximum heart rate, which is equivalent to high-intensity exercise; The heart rate is controlled in the range of 60% ~ 85% of the maximum heart rate, which is equivalent to moderate intensity exercise; The heart rate is controlled in the range of 50% ~ 60% of the maximum heart rate, which is equivalent to low-intensity exercise.

　　In the process of physical fitness activities, when the measured heart rate reaches more than 140 beats/minute, it is equivalent to high-intensity exercise; The heart rate is in the range of 100 ~ 140 beats/min, which is equivalent to moderate intensity exercise, and the heart rate is lower than 100 beats/min, which is equivalent to low intensity exercise.

　　(2) Monitoring the intensity of physical fitness activities by breathing.

　　Physical fitness activities cause changes in human respiratory frequency and depth, and exercise intensity can be monitored according to the changes in breathing during exercise.

　　Breathing easily: compared with the quiet state, the breathing frequency and breathing depth change little during exercise, and breathing is stable, so you can sing. The exercise heart rate in this breathing state is generally below 100 beats/min, which is equivalent to low-intensity exercise.

　　Breathing is relatively easy: the breathing depth and breathing frequency increase during exercise, and normal language communication can be achieved. The exercise heart rate is equivalent to 100 ~ 120 beats/min, which is a medium and small intensity exercise.

　　Shortness of breath: you can only speak short sentences during exercise, but you can’t fully express long sentences. The exercise heart rate is equivalent to 130 ~ 140 beats/min, which is a moderate intensity exercise.

　　Shortness of breath: it is difficult to breathe during exercise, and you can’t talk in words during exercise. Exercise heart rate generally exceeds 140 beats/min, which is a high-intensity exercise.

　　(3) Monitor the intensity of physical fitness activities with subjective physical sense.

　　Subjective physical feeling during human exercise can be divided into 6-20 grades, with light intensity exercise as easy (grade 9-10), moderate intensity exercise as slightly tired (grade 13-14) and high intensity exercise as tired (grade 15-16).

　　Subjective physical sensation levels are closely related to heart rate. The number of subjective physical sensation levels during exercise is multiplied by 10, which is equivalent to the heart rate during exercise (times/minute). For example, the number of subjective physical sensation levels in exercise is 12, which is equivalent to the heart rate of 120 beats/minute in exercise.

　　Physical exercisers can control exercise intensity through subjective physical feeling. Generally speaking, when doing moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, the subjective physical feeling is relaxed or slightly tired.

　　See Table 3 for the intensity division and monitoring of physical fitness activities.

　　3. Strength training intensity and fitness effect

　　The greater the load weight of strength exercises, the greater the exercise intensity. When doing strength exercises, the maximum repetitive load (RM) is often used to indicate the magnitude of load intensity. Maximum repetitive load refers to the maximum number of strength exercises that can be repeated when a certain load is used in muscle strength exercises. For example, when a person flexes and stretches a dumbbell, the maximum load is 20kg, and it can only be repeated once, then 20kg is the maximum repeated load (1RM) of his dumbbell. If he can repeat the flexion and extension of the load-bearing arm for 8 times at most with a load of 15 kg, then 15 kg is the maximum repeated load (8RM) of his load-bearing arm for 8 times. In non-instrumental strength training, a person can complete 8 push-ups, which is equivalent to 8RM, and so on.

　　Strength training load intensity can be divided into three levels: low intensity, medium intensity and high intensity, and strength training intensity is closely related to fitness effect.

　　High-intensity strength exercises, equivalent to 1 ~ 10rm, each load weight is repeated for 1 ~ 10 times, and each part is repeated for 2 ~ 3 groups, and the interval between groups is 2 ~ 3 minutes. High-intensity strength exercises are mainly used to improve the maximum muscle contraction strength.

　　Moderate intensity strength exercise, equivalent to 11 ~ 20rm, the repetition times of each load weight are 10 ~ 20 times, each part is repeated in 3 groups, and the interval between groups is 1 ~ 2 minutes. Moderate intensity strength exercises can be used to improve muscle strength and increase muscle volume.

　　Low-intensity strength exercise, equivalent to 20RM or above, each load weight is repeated more than 20 times, each part is repeated in 2 groups, and the interval between groups is 1 minute. Low-intensity strength exercises are mainly used to develop muscle endurance.

　　(3) Time for physical fitness activities

　　The time of each physical fitness activity directly affects the effect of physical fitness activities. Exercise time is too short, which has little effect on improving physical function; However, if the exercise time is too long, it will easily cause fatigue accumulation and will not further increase the fitness effect. For people who often participate in physical exercise, the effective physical fitness activity time is 30 ~ 90 minutes every day. In the initial stage of participating in physical fitness activities, the exercise time can be slightly shorter; After a period of physical fitness activities, the body can adapt to sports and can extend the exercise time. Physical fitness activities can be carried out once a day or several times separately, and each physical fitness activity should last for more than 10 minutes.

　　People who are used to physical fitness activities should exercise for 3-7 days a week, with 30-60 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or 20-25 minutes of high-intensity exercise every day. In order to achieve the ideal effect of physical fitness activities, we should carry out moderate-intensity exercise for more than 150 minutes or high-intensity exercise for more than 75 minutes every week; If you have good exercise habits, and the comprehensive evaluation of exercise ability test is above good, you can do 300 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or 150 minutes of high-intensity exercise every week, and the fitness effect is better.

Six, the content and arrangement of a physical fitness activity

　　A complete physical fitness activity should include three parts: preparation activity, basic activity and relaxation activity, as shown in Table 4.

　　(1) Preparatory activities

　　Warm-up activities refer to various physical exercises before the start of major physical fitness activities. The main function of warm-up activities is to mobilize the functional potential of heart, lungs, muscles and other organ systems in advance, so as to adapt to the upcoming various fitness activities, obtain the best exercise fitness effect, and effectively prevent acute and chronic sports injuries.

　　The preparation time is generally 5 ~ 10 minutes, which mainly includes two aspects. First, carry out proper aerobic exercise, such as brisk walking and jogging, so as to "warm up" various organ systems of the body and enter the working state in advance; The second is to carry out various traction exercises to increase joint mobility, improve the elasticity of soft tissues such as muscles and ligaments, and prevent muscle injury.

　　(2) Basic activities Basic activities are the main forms of physical exercise, including aerobic exercise, strength exercise, ball games and traditional China sports and fitness methods, and the duration is generally 30-60 minutes. In a physical fitness activity, it is necessary to choose a suitable exercise mode and control the appropriate exercise intensity and exercise time. In the arrangement of physical fitness activities in a week, physical fitness activists can have different physical fitness activities and exercise intensity according to their own situation. See Table 5 for the arrangement of exercise intensity, duration and exercise frequency of different physical fitness activities.

　　(3) Relaxation activities

　　Relaxation activities refer to all kinds of physical activities after the main physical fitness activities, mainly including low-intensity activities such as walking (or jogging) and various pulling exercises. After physical fitness activities, doing some moderate relaxation activities will help to eliminate fatigue, alleviate or avoid some uncomfortable symptoms in the body, and gradually restore the functions of various organs and systems of the body from the state of exercise to the state of quietness. Doing some traction exercises is beneficial to improve the flexibility of the body.

Seven, different stages of physical fitness activities.

　　(A) the initial physical fitness program

　　People who have just participated in physical fitness activities have less exercise load, and the duration of each physical fitness activity is relatively short, so that the body gradually adapts to the exercise load and the exercise ability is gradually improved. At the beginning of the physical fitness activity plan, you should choose the physical fitness activity mode that you like or conform to the fitness purpose. There should be a comfortable sense of fatigue after exercise, which basically disappears the next day after exercise.

　　At the beginning of physical fitness activities, the principle of increasing exercise load is to increase the daily exercise time, then increase the number of days of exercise per week, and finally increase the intensity of exercise.

　　The initial period of physical fitness activities is about 8 weeks, and the specific plan is as follows:

　　— — Exercise mode: moderate intensity aerobic exercise, ball games, China traditional exercise mode and flexibility exercise.

　　— — Exercise intensity: 55% of the maximum heart rate, gradually increasing to 60%.

　　— — Duration: Exercise for 10-20 minutes each time, and gradually increase to 30-40 minutes.

　　— — Exercise frequency: 3 days/week, gradually increasing to 5 days/week.

　　See Table 6 for an example of the initial physical fitness program.

　　(2) Medium-term sports fitness program

　　After 8 weeks of physical fitness activities, the human body basically adapts to the exercise load at the initial stage of exercise, and its physical function and exercise ability are improved, so it can enter the middle stage of physical fitness activities. At this stage, continue to increase the intensity and time of exercise, and gradually increase the time of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise to 150 minutes or more per week, so that the body can adapt to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. The medium-term physical fitness activities last about 8 weeks, and the specific plan is as follows:

　　— — Exercise mode: maintain the initial mode of physical fitness activities; Increase strength exercises appropriately.

　　— — Exercise intensity: aerobic exercise intensity gradually increases from 60% ~ 65% of the maximum heart rate to 70% ~ 80% of the maximum heart rate; Anaerobic exercise can be arranged once a week, and the strength exercise uses a load of more than 20RM, which is repeated 6 ~ 8 times.

　　— — Duration: 30 ~ 50 minutes for each exercise; If anaerobic exercise is arranged, exercise for 10 ~ 15 minutes each time; 1 ~ 2 strength exercises once a week, 6 ~ 8 kinds of muscle strength exercises each time, and 1 ~ 2 groups are repeated for 5 ~ 10 minutes.

　　— — Exercise frequency: 3 ~ 5 days/week.

　　At this stage, the physical fitness program is basically fixed, and gradually transitions to a long-term and stable physical fitness program. See Table 7 for examples of mid-term physical fitness activities.

　　(3) Long-term physical fitness program

　　When the physical function reaches a higher level and good habits of physical fitness activities are formed, a long-term stable physical fitness activity plan suitable for one’s own characteristics should be established. Long-term and stable physical fitness activities should include at least 200-300 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or 75-150 minutes of high-intensity exercise every week; Carry out strength exercises 2 ~ 3 times a week, and pull exercises no less than 5 times. The specific scheme is as follows:

　　— — Exercise mode: maintain the exercise mode in the middle stage of physical fitness activities.

　　— — Exercise intensity: moderate intensity exercise is equivalent to 60% ~ 80% of the maximum heart rate, and high intensity exercise reaches more than 80% of the maximum heart rate; Strength exercises are performed with a load of 10 ~ 20 rm and repeated for 10 ~ 15 times; All kinds of pulling exercises.

　　— — Duration: 30-60 minutes of moderate intensity exercise each time, or 15-25 minutes of high intensity anaerobic exercise, or alternating moderate and high intensity exercise; 8 ~ 10 kinds of muscle strength exercises, each repeated 2 ~ 3 groups, each time for 5 ~ 10 minutes of stretching exercises.

　　— — Exercise frequency: exercise for 5 ~ 7 days/week, and high-intensity exercise should not exceed 3 times per week.

　　See Table 8 for examples of long-term physical fitness activities.

　　A few days ago, the General Office of the Hubei Provincial Party Committee and the General Office of the Provincial Government issued the "Implementation Opinions on Further Improving the Scientific and Accurate Prevention and Control of COVID-19 Epidemic Normalization", and issued a notice requesting all localities and departments to conscientiously implement it in light of the actual situation.

　　The full text of the "Implementation Opinions on Further Improving the Scientific and Accurate Prevention and Control of COVID-19 Epidemic Normalization" is as follows:

　　In order to implement the Party Central Committee’s decision-making and deployment on the prevention and control of normalized epidemic situation, and implement the spirit of "Guiding Opinions on Doing a Good Job in the Prevention and Control of COVID-19 Epidemic Situation" (Guo Fa Dian [2020] No.14) of the State Council Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism, combined with the actual situation of epidemic situation prevention and control in our province, the following opinions are put forward.

　　I. General requirements

　　Thoroughly implement the spirit of the series of important speeches and important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on epidemic prevention and control, do a good job in ideological preparation and work preparation for long-term normalization prevention and control, always tighten the string of epidemic prevention and control, and resolutely overcome paralysis, war-weariness, luck and relaxation. We will continue to pay close attention to the work of "internal defense rebound, external defense output and strict prevention of input", pay more attention to prevention and control according to law, scientific prevention and control, and precise prevention and control, and improve and implement the normalized prevention and control mechanism of timely detection, rapid disposal, precise control and effective treatment. Tightening territorial responsibility, departmental responsibility, unit responsibility, personal and family responsibility, re-investigating prevention and control loopholes, re-reinforcing prevention and control priorities, and re-implementing prevention and control requirements, guarding your own doors, keeping an eye on your own people, and doing your own thing well, ensuring that the epidemic situation does not rebound, the achievements of epidemic prevention and control will be wasted, and striving to win the "double victory" of epidemic prevention and control and economic and social development.

　　Second, the work measures

　　 (A) adhere to the prevention first, and build a prevention and control barrier.

　　1. Continue publicity and education. Strengthen the publicity of laws and regulations on the prevention and control of infectious diseases, prevention knowledge and prevention and control guidelines, guide the public to firmly establish the consciousness of "individual is the first person responsible for health", and develop sanitary habits and lifestyles such as wearing masks scientifically, washing hands frequently, keeping social distance, strengthening ventilation and disinfection, and comprehensively improve the health literacy of urban and rural residents and improve their self-protection ability.

　　2. Vigorously promote the patriotic health campaign. We will prevent the gateway from moving forward and the center of gravity from sinking, continue to promote the patriotic health campaign, continue to do a good job in urban and rural environmental sanitation management, comprehensive improvement of environmental sanitation in key places such as farmers’ markets and residential areas (villages), vector control, etc., do a good job in cleaning and disinfecting public areas in residential quarters, and establish and improve a long-term environmental sanitation management mechanism.

　　3. Effectively strengthen the guidance on epidemic prevention and control. Provincial disease prevention and control professional institutions should issue prevention and control guidelines in a timely manner according to the epidemic situation in different periods and the characteristics of different people, different industries and different places. City and county-level disease prevention and control professional institutions should, according to the characteristics of the local epidemic situation, strengthen the guidance on prevention and control of resumption of work, business, and classes, scientifically standardize public prevention and control behavior, improve the working mechanism of mass prevention and control, and build a complete epidemic prevention and control barrier.

　　(2) Insist on strengthening the foundation at the grass-roots level and keeping an important defense line in the community.

　　4. Enrich the power of community prevention and control. Select the best and strengthen the secretaries of grass-roots party organizations, promote the professionalization and specialization of community workers, and establish and improve the community normalization prevention and control work team in which party member, community workers, grass-roots medical personnel, police, property managers, volunteers, various community autonomous organizations and residents widely participate. Strengthen the linkage among counties (cities, districts), streets (towns) and communities (villages), further clarify the division of responsibilities, adhere to the command and dispatch of grass-roots party organizations, implement various prevention and control requirements, and build a community governance pattern of co-construction, co-governance and sharing under the guidance of party building.

　　5. Accurately implement community control. Streets (towns and villages) should strengthen the inspection and supervision of community prevention and control work, continue to do a good job in policy propaganda, prevention and control guidance and problem supervision and rectification work, and earnestly keep the first line of defense in the community. Wuhan should continue to strengthen and improve the management and control of residential areas, coordinate the implementation of management and control forces, focus on strengthening the management and control of old residential areas, open residential areas, "three noes" residential areas, urban villages, urban-rural fringe areas, dormitories, rented houses and other areas, and insist on scanning health codes, checking body temperature, wearing masks and recording strangers’ information for people entering and leaving, and adjust the management and control measures in a timely manner according to the epidemic situation. Low-risk areas in other cities and States outside Wuhan can optimize and adjust community management measures in light of local conditions, and continue to do a good job in the investigation and control of key populations. All localities should establish a working mechanism that combines prevention and control with emergency management under normal conditions.

　　6. Strengthen grid management. Make full use of health codes, incorporate epidemic prevention and control into the key content of grid management, do a good job in information collection, epidemic prevention and control investigation and epidemic information publicity of community personnel, strengthen the management of key groups such as fever personnel, overseas and high-risk areas who come to and return from Hubei, asymptomatic infected people, cured and discharged patients, close contacts, people with difficulties in life, floating population, etc., so as to achieve full coverage and no omissions, ensure efficient and accurate information collection, and ensure strong and orderly control of key personnel. Improve the community sharing mechanism of epidemic information in health, entry and exit departments, and improve the pertinence and accuracy of information collection and epidemic investigation of grid staff.

　　(C) Adhere to the role of "checkpoints" and hold the first pass of the hospital.

　　7. Strengthen the pre-inspection triage system and closed-loop management of fever clinic. Medical institutions at or above the second level and township health centers should set up fever clinics and triage points in strict accordance with the norms, and play the role of "checkpoints" for hospital early warning, warning and alarm. All fever clinics should strictly implement the procedures of receiving, screening and referral, and carry out rapid screening of nucleic acid, antibody, CT and hemogram for fever patients after entering the fever clinic, so that ordinary patients can be treated symptomatically, suspected patients can be isolated for observation, and confirmed patients can be transported in time. At the same time, the closed-loop management of fever patients should be established simultaneously, and the closed-loop management of epidemic reporting and epidemic adjustment should be carried out simultaneously for suspected and confirmed patients.

　　8. Strengthen the prevention and control of hospital sensation and the protection of medical personnel. Strictly implement the prevention and control system of nosocomial infection, standardize the setting of clean areas, polluted areas, semi-polluted areas, medical staff passages and patient passages in hospital fever clinics and infectious areas, and implement the provisions of "double triage and double buffering" in general outpatient and emergency departments. Strengthen the monitoring of nosocomial infection, do a good job in personal protection of medical staff, strictly manage visits and escorts, set up safety protection facilities, strengthen ventilation and disinfection of wards, and standardize the disposal of medical wastes. On the basis of doing a good job in nucleic acid screening for medical staff, the nucleic acid screening for accompanying staff and workers should be implemented.

　　9. Implement patient treatment and personnel isolation measures. Cities and States should designate designated hospitals for the treatment of critically ill patients in COVID-19, and treat critically ill patients in accordance with the principles of centralized patients, experts, resources and treatment. Counties (cities, districts) designate more than one designated hospital in COVID-19 and one medical observation point for asymptomatic infected people, designate centralized isolation points that can accommodate more than 200 people as centralized isolation places for close contacts and entry personnel, and reserve enough medical resources such as beds, medical personnel and materials to deal with possible epidemics.

　　10. Do a good job in rehabilitation treatment and management of discharged patients. All localities should integrate professional forces, do a good job in rehabilitation and psychological counseling of discharged patients in the form of family doctors signing services, purchasing services and volunteering services, and strengthen psychological crisis intervention.

　　(four) adhere to focus, pay close attention to the implementation of prevention and control measures.

　　11. Do a good job in prevention and control of key places. On the premise of implementing prevention and control measures, open shopping malls, supermarkets, hotels, restaurants and other places in an orderly manner; Open parks, tourist attractions and sports venues by making an appointment or limiting the flow; Open indoor venues such as libraries, museums and art galleries in an orderly manner; Can hold all kinds of necessary meetings, exhibitions and other activities. According to the development of the epidemic situation, Wuhan can gradually, steadily and orderly open indoor theaters, chess and cards rooms, amusement halls, Internet cafes, dance halls, bars, KTV, indoor swimming pools, closed places or some areas of stadiums and gymnasiums with poor ventilation conditions such as using underground space according to the situation; Low-risk areas in other cities and states outside Wuhan can decide the opening of relevant places on their own according to the overall assessment of epidemic prevention and control.

　　12. Strengthen the prevention and control of key institutions. Continue to implement closed management of pension institutions, welfare homes, prisons and mental health medical institutions, and do a good job in risk prevention. Implement prevention and control measures such as personnel access management, personnel protection, health monitoring, disinfection, etc., and all new entrants will be isolated for 14 days and tested for nucleic acid. Visitors should take personal protective measures and encourage non-contact visits such as videos. If there are medical service institutions such as infirmary and nursing station in the old-age care institutions, they shall not serve outside the scope of medical licensing services. If a medical institution holds an old-age care institution or is adjacent to it, it shall carry out cross-infection assessment according to the requirements of zoning management of medical institutions, and take necessary control measures if there are risks.

　　13. Highlight the prevention and control of key populations. Guide the elderly, children, pregnant women, the disabled, medical personnel, patients with severe chronic diseases and other key groups to do personal protection, and carry out psychological counseling, care and assistance. Strengthen the assistance of vagrants and beggars, and find that fever personnel take timely control measures.

　　14. Strengthen campus prevention and control. Implement the system of "daily report" and "zero report" on the health status of faculty and students. Do a good job in health tips, health management, classroom ventilation, disinfection, etc., and implement prevention and control measures such as morning and afternoon (evening) check-up of school attendance, tracing and registration of the cause of absence due to illness. All localities should equip each school with full-time or part-time professional health personnel in accordance with the provision of 1 professional health personnel for every 600 students. Wuhan has implemented the "1+2" prevention and control cooperation mechanism with one school doctor, one community general practitioner and one disease control staff. Students, faculty and staff in the school campus continue to implement protective measures to wear masks and keep social distance, and adjust the regulations on wearing masks in a timely manner according to the epidemic prevention and control situation. Students in schools in low-risk areas in other cities and States outside Wuhan may not wear masks, and teachers may not wear masks when teaching.

　　15 to prevent the import of overseas epidemic. Implement the "push" of immigration information — Comparison — Screening — Feedback "information closed loop and the" transportation intervention "of overseas people from Hubei — Port quarantine — Classified transshipment — Centralized isolation — Community prevention and control "closed loop of the whole process management, strengthen the management of overseas people coming to Hubei. All persons who have lived abroad for 14 days before coming to Hubei will be tested for nucleic acid, among whom the confirmed patients, suspected patients, suspected fever patients, close contacts and asymptomatic infected persons will be classified and disposed of on the spot according to the prevention and control regulations, and all other persons will be kept under centralized medical observation for 14 days in the first entry city and will be included in the local community (village group) prevention and control system.

　　(5) Persist in standing by and resolutely deal with sudden outbreaks.

　　16. Strengthen monitoring and early warning. Strictly implement the reporting system of infectious diseases, integrate the monitoring information of disease control, medical care, medical insurance and medicine, improve the early warning mechanism, define the dynamic early warning indicators, procedures, grades and methods, and establish a highly sensitive perennial monitoring and early warning system in COVID-19. Implement monitoring and reporting of symptoms such as abnormal body temperature in communities, units, public places and ports. Improve the ability of screening, investigation and disposal of infectious diseases in primary medical and health institutions.

　　17. Rapid linkage reaction. After finding confirmed cases, suspected cases, asymptomatic infected persons and clustered cases, counties (cities, districts) should immediately organize, direct and dispatch the epidemic disposal work; Disease control institutions and public security departments should complete the work of flow adjustment and epidemic point sealing and control within 24 hours; Street (township) in conjunction with the first aid, medical and other institutions responsible for the transfer of patients, asymptomatic infected persons and close contacts, the implementation of isolation treatment or centralized medical observation. Strengthen the joint prevention and control of epidemic-related areas, notify the infectious sources and close contacts in the field, and strictly manage them on the spot according to the principle of territoriality.

　　18. Accurate and powerful disposal. Adhere to the principle of early, small, strict, practical and classified disposal, implement the "four early" measures of early detection, early reporting, early isolation and early treatment, quickly determine the epidemic point, epidemic area, spread range and population, implement strict closure management, and control the epidemic situation to a minimum. In case of sporadic epidemic, the building and ward where the case is located shall be designated as the epidemic point; If there is a cluster epidemic, the community and natural village (group) where the case is located shall be designated as the epidemic point (a larger area may be designated as the epidemic area); In case of epidemic spread, the community and administrative village where the case is located shall be designated as epidemic areas.

　　(six) adhere to strict testing and screening, strengthen the management of asymptomatic infected people.

　　19. Expand the scope of nucleic acid screening. Implement relevant funds and policy guarantees in accordance with state regulations, further increase the intensity of nucleic acid testing, expand the scope of testing, and do everything that should be tested, willing to be tested, and able to be tested. On the basis of ensuring the full coverage of key groups such as expatriates, teaching staff, medical staff, public transport service personnel, employees in public places and relevant personnel in special places, as well as people with difficulties in living in rental houses, public officials with wide social contacts, universities and primary and secondary school students, and ensuring the full coverage of key areas such as old communities, open communities, "three noes" communities, villages in cities, urban-rural fringe areas, collective dormitories and rental houses, Wuhan combines prevention and control. On the basis of continuing to do a good job in the testing of teaching staff and medical personnel, other cities and States outside Wuhan will determine the screening scope by themselves according to local conditions. Xiaogan, Huanggang, Ezhou and other cities should do a good job in nucleic acid testing for students who have resumed classes.

　　20. Improve the ability of nucleic acid detection. All tertiary general hospitals, centers for disease control and prevention, qualified specialized hospitals, secondary hospitals and independent medical laboratory in the province should further strengthen laboratory construction and improve the ability of nucleic acid detection. It is necessary to strictly carry out daily supervision, ensure the quality of testing, optimize services, improve efficiency and reduce prices. In 2020, each county (city) must have at least two nucleic acid testing laboratories. Increase technical training and guidance for medical and health personnel, and improve the standardization of personnel operation. Data such as nucleic acid and serum detection should be collected and reported in time.

　　21. Strict management of asymptomatic infected people. Implement the report, mediation and management of asymptomatic infected persons, analyze the source of infection, and strengthen the tracking, screening and medical observation of close contacts. On the basis of nucleic acid detection, antibody, CT and hemogram examination should be carried out for asymptomatic infected people. Asymptomatic infected persons who have clinical manifestations during centralized medical observation should be immediately transported to designated medical and health institutions for standardized treatment, and the relevant information in the epidemic reporting system should be revised in time after diagnosis, and no delay, omission or concealment is allowed. Close contacts of asymptomatic infected persons should be tested for nucleic acid. After the asymptomatic infected people are released from centralized medical observation, they will be included in the management of basic public health services, and follow-up, follow-up and health management will be done well. For asymptomatic infected persons and their close contacts, case information should be formed in time and pushed to the government sharing exchange platform or data center at the same level to realize closed-loop management of data and incorporate it into health code management in time.

　　Third, organizational guarantee

　　(A) compaction Sifang prevention and control responsibility

　　22. Implement territorial responsibility. Party committees and governments at all levels should strengthen organizational leadership, adhere to the working mechanism of direct command of epidemic prevention and control by the main party and government leaders, adhere to prevention and control according to law, scientific prevention and control, joint prevention and control, increase funding, strengthen the dynamic reserve of medical materials, enhance prevention and control and emergency response capabilities, and ensure the implementation of normalized prevention and control measures.

　　23. Implement departmental and industry responsibilities. All relevant departments should implement their responsibilities, strengthen industry and system management, incorporate epidemic prevention and control into the daily industry supervision, and earnestly do a good job in the prevention and control of their own industries and systems. Continue to strengthen joint prevention and control, overall scheduling, and strengthen guidance and support for grassroots normalization prevention and control work.

　　24. Implement the responsibilities of enterprises and institutions. All enterprises and institutions should implement the main responsibility, take the initiative to accept the guidance and supervision of the competent departments of the industry, improve the responsibility system and management system for prevention and control, formulate and improve emergency plans, and equip them with necessary protective articles and facilities. Strictly implement epidemic prevention and control regulations, strengthen employee publicity and education and health monitoring, and implement various prevention and control measures in accordance with relevant prevention and control guidelines.

　　25. Implement personal and family responsibilities. Individuals and families should strictly abide by the laws and regulations on epidemic prevention and control, consciously fulfill their obligations of prevention and control, actively cooperate with relevant departments to do a good job in epidemic prevention and control, accept the investigation, sample collection, detection and isolation treatment of infectious diseases according to law, do a good job in personal protection, report patients or suspected patients in time, and do not spread rumors, believe rumors or spread rumors.

　　26. Strengthen supervision and accountability. All localities should establish an inspection mechanism, focus on the key areas and links of epidemic prevention and control, carry out supervision and inspection on the implementation of normalized prevention and control measures and responsibilities, strictly enforce discipline requirements, and compact the responsibilities of the four parties. Those who engage in formalism, bureaucracy, seeking no practical results, deceiving their superiors and deceiving their subordinates, etc., which seriously affect the prevention and control work, must be resolutely investigated and dealt with and seriously held accountable.

　　(2) Adhere to scientific prevention and control according to law.

　　27. Prevention and control according to laws and regulations. All localities should strictly implement the laws and regulations on epidemic prevention and control and emergency response to public health emergencies, perform their duties of epidemic prevention and control according to law, improve decision-making procedures, standardize decision-making processes, and timely disclose relevant information on epidemic prevention and control. Disciplinary committees at all levels should strengthen supervision and strictly enforce discipline. Health administrative departments at all levels should strengthen law enforcement inspection on the prevention and control of infectious diseases, and severely investigate and deal with illegal acts such as concealing and delaying the reporting of epidemic situations. All relevant departments should strengthen supervision over the prevention and control of infectious diseases and resolutely investigate and deal with illegal acts.

　　28. Scientific and precise prevention and control. All localities should promptly judge the epidemic situation and prevention and control capabilities, and scientifically and dynamically adjust the risk level and emergency response level according to the situation. The Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention carries out the risk level assessment with counties (cities, districts) as the unit, and the provincial health and wellness committee timely announces the adjustment; According to the published risk level, each city and state scientifically demarcates the prevention and control area to the smallest unit, and accurately implements various control measures.

　　(3) Strengthen work security measures

　　29 to strengthen the construction of public health emergency management system. Efforts will be made to improve the public health emergency command system, monitoring and early warning system, and improve the combination of peacetime and wartime, rapid response, and accurate prevention and control mechanisms. Reform and improve the disease control system, innovate the collaborative model of medical treatment and prevention, and strengthen public health and major disease prevention and control. Strengthen the construction of emergency system for infectious diseases in medical and health institutions. Consolidate and improve the network of public hospitals at the provincial, city and county levels and the network of medical and health services at the county, township and village levels, and further strengthen the capacity building of epidemic prevention and control in primary medical and health institutions. Strengthen the construction of health emergency infrastructure and discipline talent team to promote the sinking of high-quality resources. Improve the reserve system of materials and production capacity of drugs, medical protective equipment and medical equipment. Strengthen the public health emergency material security, investment security and emergency medical security to ensure the public health safety of the province.

　　30. Strengthen information technology support. Improve and perfect the big data platform for epidemic prevention and control, make full use of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, Hubei COVID-19 Information Registration System, Hubei COVID-19 Rehabilitation Intelligent Escort System, medical insurance, market supervision and other related information and data, and timely share information such as nucleic acid and antibody test results, key personnel, and purchase of fever-reducing and cough-relieving drugs to the provincial big data platform for epidemic prevention and control, so as to ensure the province’s confirmed patients, suspected patients, suspected fever patients, close contacts and asymptomatic infected people. Continue to promote the mutual recognition of health codes between provinces and our province, realize "one code communication", and ensure the safe and orderly flow of personnel. Make full use of digital technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence and cloud computing to provide strong support for epidemic prevention and control.

　　31. Strengthen scientific research and international cooperation. Vigorously promote research on vaccines and drugs, virus variation and immunization strategies. Accelerate the research and development of detection reagents and equipment, improve sensitivity, specificity and simplicity, further improve detection ability and shorten detection time. Strengthen scientific research on epidemiology and post-epidemic rehabilitation. Strengthen international exchanges and cooperation, popularize Hubei’s anti-epidemic experience and practices, and realize information sharing, technical exchange and cooperation in epidemic prevention and control.

　　32. Properly prevent and resolve "post-epidemic syndrome". We should focus on the whole and the overall situation, firmly establish the people-centered development thought, strengthen social psychological counseling services, and strengthen psychological assistance and psychological crisis intervention. Strengthen care for people, groups and enterprises affected by the epidemic and help solve practical difficulties. Grasp the early signs, strive to resolve contradictions, prevent all kinds of risks from being transmitted and superimposed, prevent individual and local risks from escalating into systematic and regional risks, and ensure the overall political and social stability of the province.