标签： 上海mm自荐

Original health news health news

On June 29th, in the yard of a residential area in Baitaling Street, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province, several children took out "cigarette cards", squatted in a circle and slapped them with their hands. With each beat, the winner cheers and the loser sighs.

A "cigarette card" is a rectangular card folded from the top cover of a cigarette packaging box. During the game, the players arrange the "cigarette cards" on the ground in a concentrated way, and take turns to slap them with their hands. Whoever can knock the cigarette cards over with the palm wind will win and win the "cigarette card". Recently, with the popularity of "cigarette card" games in various places, its possible negative impact on the physical and mental health of primary school students has attracted more and more attention.

Phenomenon: Primary school students are addicted to "cigarette cards"

In another community in Haigang District, Qinhuangdao City, the reporter saw that several children playing with "cigarette cards" were slapping the ground hard in turn. Each of them had a plastic bag or a cigarette box with colorful "cigarette cards" around them.

One of the children told the reporter that he is a third-grade student in a nearby primary school. Since March this year, the "cigarette card" has gradually become popular in the class. Now most boys in the class are playing, and some girls are also playing.

As for the source of the "cigarette card", the child said that it is usually asked from parents who smoke, some children will go through the garbage or buy it online, and some will ask strangers for it, and so on.

At the request of the reporter, the child demonstrated the folding process of the "cigarette card". The child is familiar with the road and explains while folding. Although he slowed down the folding speed in order to make the reporter see clearly, in less than ten seconds, a folded "cigarette card" was presented to the reporter.

The child said that the classification of "cigarette cards" is mainly based on the price of cigarettes. The more expensive cigarettes, the higher the grade. "The more expensive cigarettes are, the more powerful the’ cigarette card’ will be. Mine are all ordinary, and there is nothing particularly good." When he said this, the child’s face could not hide the loneliness. He listed two high-grade "cigarette cards", and the reporter found that the retail price of each box of two cigarettes was around 100 yuan.

"Smoke card" is not popular in one place. Mr. Liu, a citizen of qiaoxi district, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, said that in April this year, his daughter, who was in the fourth grade of primary school, asked him for a cigarette case. My daughter told Mr. Liu that they don’t like to play "cigarette cards" in class, and some students will spend money to buy them. The reason why they want cigarette cases from Mr. Liu is to make them into "cigarette cards" and sell them to their classmates.

On the No.123 bus from Zuojiazhuangqiao West Station to Mudanyuan West Station in Beijing, the reporter randomly asked a little boy. He said that he is now in the third grade of primary school, and most boys in the class play with "cigarette cards". In addition to asking for cigarette cases from home, they will also go to the trash can.

How obsessed are primary school students with "cigarette cards"? According to reports, some children are "possessed", and some hide cigarette cases in pencil cases and take them to class to enjoy them secretly; Some classes are still trying to figure out the game technology, thinking about how to win more "smoke cards"; Others took a "smoke card" and photographed a broken finger. In June this year, three children in Anshun City, Guizhou Province walked into the expressway because they liked to play with "cigarette cards". I heard that there were many cigarette cases on the expressway, so I "organized a group" with my friends to pick them up …

And businesses have already smelled business opportunities. On a shopping website, the reporter searched for "cigarette cards" and found that there were as many as 100 pages in the list of goods, one of which was packaged and sold at a price of several yuan to hundreds of yuan according to the brand and quantity, showing that more than 30,000 people had paid. The customer service staff said that this product is a brand-new real card, non-printed, and produced by a regular cigarette factory. Because it is not made into a box, it has no offset printing and smoke smell, and it is clean and hygienic. You can also have those with glue marks. Those are recycled old cigarette cases, and the price will be slightly more expensive.

One of the buyers commented, "Yes, it’s genuine, reflective, not smoky, and children like it very much. The lines are exquisite, and many more copies have been sent."

Inquiry: The root cause is social psychological needs.

With the popularity of the "smoke card" game, its possible negative effects have also attracted the attention of all parties.

Recently, the authentication subject is WeChat official account’s WeChat "Smoke-free Beijing" issued by Beijing Smoking Control Association, pointing out that the popularity of "cigarette cards" will bring many influences to primary school students. Students are not interested in attending classes because they are obsessed with the "cigarette card" game, which may even become a disguised gambling behavior. The "cigarette card" may also spread tobacco information in disguised form, leading primary school students to contact tobacco trademarks prematurely and give them psychological hints to try smoking. Some students look for discarded cigarette cases by the roadside in order to get "cigarette cards", and even rummage through cigarette cases in the trash can. When playing "cigarette cards", they all lie on the ground and touch the ground with their hands, which is very easy to be polluted by bacteria and other microorganisms, thus affecting children’s health.

Previously, the disease control and education departments in many places have issued tips for primary school students to indulge in "cigarette cards", listing all kinds of adverse effects brought by the game of "cigarette cards", which mainly include suggesting smoking behavior, causing comparison psychology, inducing gambling in disguised form, and affecting physical health.

On a short video platform, a video about a man meeting a child asking for a cigarette case while eating at a roadside stall attracted more than 13,000 comments from netizens.

A netizen said that the disadvantages of the "cigarette card" game are gradually emerging. Pupils will compare who has a better "cigarette card" and even want to try to understand cigarettes. Some children can know the price of cigarettes by smelling it. "The game is right, but there will be problems if the game carrier is a cigarette case."

Some netizens also said that there is nothing wrong with taking a "cigarette card" similar to the New Year pictures played by the "post-80 s". "It is better for children to play with a’ cigarette card’ than a mobile phone."

Shi Gaoyan, director and chief physician of the Department of Psychology and Behavior of Children and Adolescents in Jinan Mental Health Center, Shandong Province, analyzed that the primary school students’ addiction to the "cigarette card" game is rooted in their social psychological needs of seeking identity. Primary school students in the critical period of social development are deeply eager to be recognized and accepted by their peers. As a popular game item, "cigarette card" just provides a platform for them to gain a sense of identity and social satisfaction.

"In addition, children are always curious about new things, and the novelty of’ cigarette cards’ fits their desire to explore." Shi Gaoyan said that some children face confusion and pressure in their studies, family or self-identity, and they may choose to indulge in "cigarette cards" to pin their emotions and escape unpleasant emotions.

Shi Gaoyan said that excessive addiction to the "cigarette card" game has a negative impact on children’s physical and mental health. It may lead to children’s distraction, affect learning efficiency, and then have a negative impact on academic performance and learning motivation. Some children may be eager to win, which may lead to conflicts and even excessive consumption, which will bring economic pressure to their families.

The Beijing Association for Controlling Smoking also pointed out that a small "cigarette card" must not be allowed to drift. It is necessary to supervise and manage the "cigarette card" to prevent the erosion and harm of bad atmosphere to children.

Coping: Multi-party efforts to get rid of the "smoke card"

In response to the harm caused by "cigarette cards", relevant departments in various places have already taken action.

Recently, Zhengning County of Gansu Province organized education, public security, tobacco monopoly and market supervision departments to carry out special rectification actions against "cigarette cards" around the campus. Focus on small shops, stationery stores and toy stores around the campus, and investigate in detail whether there are sales of "cigarette cards" in the stores. The relevant departments of Bozhou City, Anhui Province formed a joint law enforcement team to carry out the source control of "cigarette cards" around the campus.

Shi Gaoyan said that parents and schools play a vital role in helping children get rid of the addiction of "cigarette cards". Not only should we care about children’s academic performance, but also their emotional state and mental health.

"In the face of children’s addiction to’ cigarette cards’, parents and schools should establish a good communication mechanism, pay close attention to children’s emotional state and behavior changes, and find and solve problems in time." Shi Gaoyan said that we should create a positive and healthy social environment for children, encourage them to participate in various social activities and cultivate good interpersonal skills. In addition, parents and schools should guide their children to treat the "cigarette card" game rationally through education and demonstration, and replace the "cigarette card" with a "celebrity card" that is beneficial to the body and mind to help them establish correct values and outlook on life. At the same time, it is necessary to clarify the boundaries between good behavior and bad behavior and emphasize the importance of a healthy life.

In various places, the importance of family education is also emphasized in the health tips for primary school students’ addiction to "cigarette cards". The Education Bureau of Tianshui City, Gansu Province pointed out that parents should set an example, fully understand the hidden dangers of the "cigarette card" game, and do not provide "cigarette cards" to their children and smoke in front of them. For children who have already played the "smoke card" game, parents should find ways to help them get rid of addiction. Deal with emotions before dealing with things, and communicate happily and frankly in an environment acceptable to both sides.

Shi Gaoyan suggested that parents and schools guide their children to try diversified hobbies. At the same time, provide a variety of recreational activities to meet children’s interest needs.

"In short, only parents and schools can work together to help children get rid of their troubles, stay away from bad habits and move towards a healthy and happy growth path." Shi Gaoyan said.

Reporter’s notes

Keeping children away from tobacco has a long way to go.

With the popularity of electronic products today, it is not a bad thing to have a game that can make children put down their mobile phones, but the game is stained with the word "smoke".

There is no need to mention the harm of tobacco to children and adolescents. The "cigarette card" can give children psychological hints of trying to smoke, which is also a fact confirmed by authoritative departments.

In the case of meeting children’s social psychological needs, the gameplay with a slight "gambling" attribute makes children’s hands slapping "cigarette cards" unable to stop. But in theory, there are many things to choose from. Why is the cigarette case chosen as the game medium? Why isn’t it a glass ball, an animation card or any other object? This may be related to the relatively easy access to cigarette cases, and it also reflects that tobacco is too close to children.

The number of smokers in China exceeds 300 million. According to the core data of the adult tobacco epidemic survey in Shanghai in 2022, the average smoker smokes 14.4 cigarettes a day, and more than 200 million cigarette cases are consumed every day in China. This means that before it became a sought-after beacon, cigarette cases were just common rubbish for children and were readily available. Cigarette cases are easy to obtain and become the basis for the popularity of "cigarette cards".

In addition, some smokers do not obey the "etiquette" of smoking and smoke in front of minors, which intensifies the immersion of the concept of "tobacco" on minors. Although the tobacco control regulations issued in some places clearly stipulate that smoking is prohibited in outdoor places where minors are the main active people, those who fail to comply are not alone. The data show that there are nearly 200 million children who are forced to suffer from second-hand smoke in China, and more than 60% children are exposed to second-hand smoke and tobacco in the family environment. May I ask parents who smoke, even in their own homes, who can do it without smoking in front of their children?

There are more than 5.8 million cigarette retailers in China, and the cigarette retail counters, neatly arranged commodity cabinets and exquisite cigarette packaging all increase the exposure of tobacco products in front of minors, making them more acceptable to minors.

There is still a long way to go to keep children away from tobacco. Relevant parties should further publicize the dangers of tobacco and create a smoke-free environment. Every family should strive to be a smoke-free family and create a healthy and warm harbor for children.

Original title: "Hidden worries behind the" cigarette card "

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Original SUSAS Shanghai Urban Space Art Season

Many post-80 s and post-90 s friends must be familiar with this picture:

Yes, this is EVA, which has been released for more than 20 years since 1995 and is one of the three "phenomenal animations" in Japan. In 2017, a series of well-known animation IPs such as "EVA Novelty Machine" settled in Shanghai Jing ‘an Xinyefang. This "EVA trumpeter" has been recognized as the largest animation sculpture in the world by the Guinness Book of World Records authority.

Large-scale "Trumpet" sculpture perfectly integrated with the surrounding environment

Jing ‘an Xinyefang has also taken this opportunity to carry out a series of splendid public activities, including the once-in-a-lifetime EVA global event in 2019-the special event of EVA’s new theater version "Final". What kind of treasures are hidden in the "phenomenal" park that attracts so many visitors?

The grand occasion of the special event of EVA’s new theatrical version "Final"

01

Yujian chaoliu life

Jing ‘an Xinyefang subverts the traditional development mode of the park and introduces cultural industries and activities in a forward-looking way, which has become the best help to promote the sustainable development of the park.

As the first large-scale cultural and creative industrial park in Jing ‘an District, the arrival of SCLA, a new creation, has brought a bit of "secondary" atmosphere here. There is not only the largest EVA horn machine, but also a Japanese animation model street. Every time I pass by, I see EVA, Hatsune Miku, Conan and Altman, the animation IP that accompanied my whole childhood. It is hard to hide my inner excitement.

Come here and find your childhood memories ~

In addition to the cultural and creative industries, Jing ‘an Xinyefang has been exploring ways to promote the integration of diverse formats such as culture, sports, science and technology and economy through the sharing of resources and space and the cooperation of new media. As a representative of trend sports, there is a high-profile UFC elite training center, covering an area of about 8600m?2. It is three times the area of the world’s first elite training center in Las Vegas!

UFC professional sports venues have also been affirmed by international professionals.

In 2021, with the support of China Cultural Relics Exchange Center and caeg Co., Ltd., Shanghai Jing ‘an Pavilion, the Meeting Museum, officially settled in Jing ‘an Xinyefang. The first two exhibitions, "Meeting Impressionist Dawn of Normandy: Changes of European Painting in the 19th Century" and "Meeting the Golden Mummy of Ancient Egypt", were well received by the audience. At present, "Meeting Picasso: Passion and Eternity of Genius" and "Meeting keith haring: Trend Art Exhibition in the Post-Pop Era" which are being heavily exhibited have also attracted much attention.

Yujian Museum Shanghai Jing ‘an Museum

There is also a fashionable home store with originality as the main theme, which has introduced many works of foreign designers and represented some foreign brands. The furniture is rich in variety, and the materials and details are quite good. You love home and architectural space, it’s worth visiting ~

Boutique housing house hidden in industrial park

In 2020, the theme activity of "New Night fun· Summer Fireworks Conference" held by Xinyefang in Jing ‘an brought exotic customs into the park, and creative activities such as cherry tree wishing, electronic fireworks show, taigu dance, traditional handicraft market and snack food stall left many beautiful memories that summer.

A highly participated event site.

02

Historical photos of Shanghai metallurgical mining machinery factory

Crossing time and space, renewing the former metallurgical plant and starting again.

Jing ‘an Xinyefang, the original site of which is Shanghai Metallurgical Mining Machinery Factory affiliated to Shanghai Electric Group, was established in 1959. It is a national large-scale second-class enterprise and a backbone enterprise in Shanghai. With the industrial adjustment and upgrading, the factory officially closed in 2009.

Map of Shanghai Metallurgical Mining Machinery Factory

(Located at No.210 Wenshui Road, covering an area of 158 mu, with a building area of about 150,000 square meters)

As a historical epitome and witness of Shanghai’s modern industry moving towards modern industry, metallurgical plant is listed as a municipal cultural relics protection unit. Among them, four workshops, such as structural workshop, assembly workshop, metalworking workshop and spare parts warehouse, are particularly valuable for historical preservation.

Keep the location map of the factory building (Buildings 1#, 3# and 2B# in the park are assessed as immovable cultural relics).

Before the renovation of the workshops in Building 1#, Building 3# and Building 2B#,

With Jing ‘an District stepping up the construction of innovative and creative gathering zones on the two wings of Central, and creating "an international film and television industrial zone around the world", metallurgical plants located in the gathering zones have ushered in a good opportunity for transformation.

At the beginning of 2016, Jing ‘an District Government signed a strategic cooperation agreement with Shanghai Lingang Group to introduce the brand of "Xinyefang" to carry out urban renewal and continuous operation of Shanghai Metallurgical Mining Machinery Factory. With the protection and reuse of industrial historical buildings as the carrier, the park will build a leading Asian and world-class cultural and creative industry cluster integrating film and television production, art media, industrial design, sports competition and other cultural and creative elements.

Before the renovation, the park, which has not been renovated, participated in the 2017 Shanghai Urban Space Art Season as a temporary exhibition venue. Inspired by the waste materials in the factory, artists created rich new media art and invited the public to experience the atmosphere of the factory. Many old workers also revisited their old places together, where people are connected with space and history.

The live work "New Life" pays tribute to human labor and creativity.

The old workers in the factory revisited their old places and took photos with their former partners.

03

Protect and repair, let people see how history advances.

Establish the principle of protection and repair

With the strengthening of industrial heritage protection awareness in recent years, protection and reuse often become the source of inspiration for designers. Before the renovation, the park invited the Historical Building Protection and Design Institute of East China Architectural Design and Research Institute to judge the value of the buildings in the factory area and prepare the protective repair design. The cultural value of the national electromechanical industry in metallurgical plant, the unique industrial architectural style with large span and large space, and the typical industrial heritage neighborhood are the core meaning of protection.

Based on this, the main idea of repair design is established:

First, protect the existing landscape environment as much as possible, maximize the preservation of historical intact trees, green, and appropriately upgrade and transform;

The second is to clarify the key protection contents of cultural protection buildings, and take measures such as repair, reinforcement and earthquake resistance respectively, such as main facade, main structure, main spatial pattern and valuable building components;

The third is to adapt to the new functions, such as building energy saving, supporting equipment and other aspects of a comprehensive upgrade, industrial components moved to the outdoor environment designed as landscape elements;

Fourth, the overall site design of the factory, improve the traffic organization, create communication space, improve the drainage situation of the site, and eliminate the hidden danger of rainwater backflow.

Bird’s-eye view of metallurgical plant before transformation

Unique large-span and large-space in the workshop room

Repair general plan

The architectural pattern, roads, Zhangshu Avenue and industrial structures in the factory area have been effectively protected.

Regeneration of preserved buildings

Benjamin Wood, an architect, put forward that the core of the renewal is to "keep the old buildings, transform the old buildings, and build new buildings behind the old walls, so that people can see how history advances".

Taking the new paradigm of urban renewal, the new fashion of historical context, the friendly and leisure new neighborhood and the friendly and pleasant new green environment as the goal, the updated Jing ‘an Xinyefang can be seen everywhere with distinctive brand of the times, mottled red brick factory buildings, sloping roofs, long-span internal structures, production slogans, and lush green plants in the factory area, all of which have been subtly preserved.

Under the basic principle of "repairing the old as the old", the reserved buildings and new buildings in the park are in harmony. 1#, 2#, 3#, 6# and other historical buildings, continue the original architectural design logic, retain the architectural lines and fa? ade, and seek unity in color and material; At the same time, in order to meet the new requirements of the function after the transformation, the entrances, doors, windows, walls and other parts are properly transformed to highlight the interaction and fashion temperament of space.

General plan of building layout in the park

Large-scale factories are transformed into cultural facilities, such as museums, art galleries, theaters, etc., while small and medium-sized factories are transformed into office and supporting services, and new buildings are appropriately embedded in the factory to supplement service facilities.

1# building was transformed into UFC center. This 96-meter-long, four-span factory building has interactive research and development space, cultural and sports activities space and so on.

Building 3 was transformed into SMG studio, a 150-meter-long four-span factory building with two studios and open R&D space.

2B# Building maintains the original double-slope roof and roof skylight style after reconstruction.

After the renovation of Building 6, it settled in Xinchuanghua Company.

After the renovation, the original space of Building 8 will continue to be used as catering facilities; The facade makes the building more friendly and simple through the wooden porch and suitable window opening scale.

The new building is diverse and harmonious.

The new buildings in the park have formed a good relationship between the old and the new in terms of volume and color.

For example, the "Add Zero Theater" in Building 7 invested by SMG Company continues the mechanical and industrial style, and the decorative style of the theater adopts the post-modern advanced industrial style. The newly-built office buildings 5# and 11-13# on the south side of the park have also extracted red bricks, vertical lines and other elements, focusing on simplicity.

Building 7# "Plus Zero Theater"

New office space in 5# and 11-13# buildings

Building 10#, which is also an office building, is inspired by trees, keeps the lush trees in the site, and adopts the way of overhead on the ground floor and terrace on the second floor, which permeates with the environment and is more interesting.

New office space in Building 10#

In addition, some small service facilities supporting the life in the park are also very thoughtful, leaving new ideas of industrial elements everywhere.

4# building has changed; There are also a series of theme sketches on the south side of the building.

Building 9# will build a new dining facility on the second floor on the basis of retaining the stairs.

Outdoor environment attracts and stimulates more communication.

In the organization of the slow-moving system, the park should consider strengthening the connection with rail transit and public transportation systems, so as to establish a smooth car dealership system and a comfortable slow-moving system. In particular, the original boulevard is transformed into a green ecological corridor that runs through the east and west, and a number of small outdoor squares are strung together to attract people to stop activities.

Park greening system

East-west green corridor in the park

Tourists take photos on the green space of the park square as a souvenir.

Afforestation easy to maintain

Industrial imprint also permeates the whole environment, whether it is art installations, small greening or wooden seats, there are elaborate designs.

The blackboard bulletin board and the blue gate of the factory building were still there.

Industrial construction as a landscape sketch

04

Experience of urban renewal in Jing ‘an Xinyefang

The main body of tripartite cooperation among the state, the city and the district.

Although Jing ‘an Xinyefang has no special advantages in location and transportation, it has been greatly assisted by the municipal resource Lingang Group and the district-owned enterprise Su Hewan Holdings. Shanghai Xinyefang Shangying Enterprise Development Co., Ltd. was established by the tripartite cooperation of state-owned enterprises, municipal resources and district resources. As the main body of urban renewal, it has played an important role in pre-project planning, functional format positioning, planning and design, development and construction, and subsequent operation.

Aerial view of the park

Deep involvement of famous cultural enterprises

Relying on the industrial orientation of "Surrounding the Big Film and Television Circle", Jing ‘an Xinyefang actively introduced two well-known cultural enterprises, namely Shanghai Culture Broadcasting and Television Group Co., Ltd. (SMG) and Shanghai Xinchuanghua Culture Development Co., Ltd. At the beginning of the project planning, the two companies participated in discussing the park industry and brand planning, and established a creative industrial chain from studios, producers and directors’ studios to IP incubation, investment transactions and derivative development.

In addition, the continuous cultural and artistic activities attract the public, promote the integration of diverse formats to support park services, and gradually stimulate more vitality.

A corner of the central square of the park

In a corner of the city, the old factory building is completely new.

Trend culture and contemporary art germinate here.

After the renovation of the old buildings engraved with the traces of time,

Continue to adapt to the trajectory of people’s lives in this era.

Perhaps this is the best interpretation of the years.

Jing’ an xinyefang

Project address: No.210 Wenshui Road, Jing ‘an District

Completion time: April 2019

Project owner: Electric Property, Lingang Asset Management and Suhewan Holdings.

Construction operator: Shanghai Xinyefang Shangying Enterprise Development Co., Ltd.

Designer: Historical Building Protection and Design Institute of East China Architectural Design and Research Institute, Benjamin Wood Team, Ennead Architecture Office.

Photo photography: Xue Yuqin, Network Vision | Xue Yuqin proofreading | Chen Min

Original title: "Update Street, Jing ‘an Xinyefang, Besides EVA, Can You Meet …"

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Resist online rumors

Build a clear network together

Proposal

Dear citizens and friends,

With the popularization and development of the Internet, network rumors also appear from time to time, which has brought adverse effects to the society. Internet rumors not only disturb social order, but also harm public interests. In order to maintain the harmony and stability of the network environment, Laixi Public Security Bureau has issued the following initiatives to the general public:

1. Establish awareness of the rule of law, strictly abide by laws and regulations, and do not manufacture or disseminate any false information.

2. Enhance the ability to distinguish. In the face of all kinds of information, we should be rational and alert, and carefully verify its authenticity.

3. Find online rumors, report to the public security organs in time, and jointly crack down on the spread of rumors.

4. Guide family and friends to use the Internet correctly, and raise awareness of preventing network rumors.

5. Respect the legitimate rights and interests of others, and do not fabricate or spread rumors to infringe upon the rights and interests of others.

6. Strengthen self-cultivation, and do not create and spread rumors for eye-catching or other purposes.

7. Support and cooperate with public security organs to carry out their work and jointly safeguard network order.

Let’s act together, resist network rumors, create a clear cyberspace, and contribute to the harmony and stability of the city.

The internet is not a place of extra-legality. The Ministry of Public Security has taken 2024 as the special action year to crack down on online rumors and launched a one-year special action. China’s relevant laws and regulations have made specific provisions on cracking down on illegal and criminal acts such as online rumors, and offenders have to bear corresponding civil, administrative and criminal responsibilities. The public security organs will severely crack down on fabricating, spreading and spreading rumors according to law. Please know the law and abide by the law, don’t spread rumors, don’t believe rumors, don’t spread rumors, surf the Internet in a civilized way, and speak rationally. Let’s act together, actively resist online rumors, unite the consensus of online words and deeds, work together to create a clear cyberspace, say "no" to online rumors, and jointly cultivate a positive and healthy online culture.

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Original title: Proposal of "Resisting Internet Rumors and Building a Clear Network Together"

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Pi Guoli studied at Phoenix Net.

Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history on epidemic diseases. As far as relevant written records are concerned, the record of "plague" first appeared in the Yin and Shang Dynasties. There has been a record of "sudden death" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. After research, scholars think that the Yin people may judge the severity of the plague through the chastity divination, while The Classic of Mountains and Seas says: "If there are beasts, there will be a great plague in the world." There are five kinds of "phoenix birds" (the genus of phoenix) in the May Fourth Volume of the Book of Collection of Confessions in Yuhan Mountain House. One of them, "the dove’s beak and round eyes", as long as it appears, the plague will immediately follow.

The causes of infectious diseases are social politics, geographical environment, famine, traffic and other factors. According to scholars’ research, there were many infectious diseases caused by political and military factors in the epidemic history of China before Sui and Tang Dynasties. After Sui and Tang Dynasties, the geographical environment, developed transportation and frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries led to more infections of diseases. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the political and economic development center of China gradually moved southward. Due to the differences in climate and geographical environment, people first encountered infectious diseases dominated by parasites, and many diseases began to have differences between the northern and southern regions. These factors indirectly promoted the deepening and innovation of the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. Of course, the ancients could not know the existence of bacteria, so they could only describe the cause with the invasion of various "qi". In addition to "heat", Chinese medicine believes that wind, cold, summer heat, dampness, dryness and fire (six evils) may all lead to infectious diseases. For example, Biography of Historical Records of Huo Zhi contains: "Jiangnan is humble and wet, and her husband dies young." That is, the combination of environment (natural factors, biological environment and humanistic social environment) and the cause and effect of diseases is closely related to the development of traditional Chinese medicine, and "moisture" is one of the important factors leading to human diseases.

01

typhoid

From the descriptions of the ancient medical collections "Neijing" and "Difficult Classics", we can know that Chinese has been deeply aware of "fever" including infectious diseases for a long time. For example, "whoever suffers from typhoid fever becomes warm, the first summer solstice is the disease temperature, and the second summer solstice is the disease heat." ("Su Wen Re Lun") "There are five types of typhoid fever: apoplexy, typhoid fever, damp-warm, fever and febrile diseases, and their sufferings are different." ("Difficult to pass 58 difficult".

It is worth noting that the concept of "epidemic febrile diseases" at this time is still confined to the ancient typhoid system, and independent principles and prescriptions have not been developed, which is different from the development after the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Zhang Zhongjing experienced a great epidemic in the Han Dynasty. The preface of Treatise on Febrile Diseases reads: "There are many Yu clans, and there are more than 200 Yu clans. Since the Jian ‘an period, there are still less than ten, and two-thirds of them died, and typhoid fever ranks seventh." Therefore, since the publication of Treatise on Febrile Diseases, "injury to cold" has become the main discussion system of treating exogenous fever in traditional Chinese medicine. For a long time, Zhang Zhongjing’s medical prescription was the main force to treat the "plague".

Treatise on febrile diseases

The original meaning of "epidemic" should be related to "service" Zhang Gang pointed out in the Textual Research on the Origin of All Diseases in Traditional Chinese Medicine: People in ancient times served in the service of the country, who suffered the most from hunger, cold and hardship, so the epidemic was a disease, and it was most likely to appear when the people served. The ancients also believed that the epidemic was brought by ghosts, so there was a saying that "the epidemic is also a service, and the words are ghosts." These are all superficial understandings of diseases when ancient medicine was still in ignorance. Only after the emergence of the medical subject discussion focusing on "Qi" did the views on diseases change significantly. As for other pathogenic factors, there are relatively few references to epidemic febrile diseases in the existing Treatise on Febrile Diseases, and only a few concepts have been passed down, such as "sun disease, fever and thirst, those who don’t hate cold are epidemic febrile diseases" and "those who sweat and are already burning, are named wind and temperature in the day". It was not until the publication of Wu Youxing’s Treatise on Epidemic Febrile Diseases (1642) in the late Ming Dynasty that another system for treating fever, epidemic febrile diseases, was considered as a new way. However, not all doctors think that Treatise on Febrile Diseases does not discuss febrile diseases well. For example, Lu Maoxiu (word Jiuzhi, 1818-1886) in Qing Dynasty means that typhoid fever is the general name of all ancient fevers, and the methods for treating febrile diseases are also included in the typhoid law. He explained in the articles such as Differentiation of Radix Puerariae and Ramulus Cinnamomi and Treatise on Febrile Diseases that the clues of febrile diseases can be found in the "Yangming Disease" system in Treatise on Febrile Diseases from the aspects of diagnosis, syndrome differentiation and treatment.

02

warm disease

Another system to explain why the plague happened is Wu Youxing’s On Epidemic Febrile Diseases. He and Zhang Zhongjing had a similar experience of epidemic, and saw that doctors only used Zhang Zhongjing’s prescription to treat them at that time, causing a large number of deaths. Wu Youxing said: "There are more than dozens of people who talk about typhoid fever, which is very slight for epidemic febrile disease. It is based on the medical practitioners, what they remember and recite, and they are all typhoid fever and its clinical symptoms. They know about the epidemic and ask for its true typhoid fever. " Wu wrote down the great epidemic he experienced:

Chongzhen is full of enthusiasm, and the epidemic gas is prevalent. Shandong, Zhejiang and the north and south are both straight, and there are many people who feel it. It will benefit very much in May and June, or it will be transmitted to Hemen. At the beginning, when the teacher mistakenly ruled by typhoid fever, he never saw that it was not dangerous. Or the sick family mistakenly listens to what they want for seven days, otherwise, they will die on the fourteenth day, thus losing their treatment. There is a late death; Or use harsh agents indiscriminately, attack and make up for disorder and the dead; Or when doctors fail to understand, they are suspicious and timid, and they use slow drugs for acute diseases. Although they are not harmed immediately, they are everywhere.

Although the experience of the great epidemic was the same, the Eastern Han Dynasty did not reach the end of the Ming Dynasty, after all, after a short period of time, the prescriptions for treating infectious diseases in the original Treatise on Febrile Diseases were not enough, so Wu wrote another treatise on epidemic febrile diseases as a new thinking on treating fever. For example, it is recorded in The Theory of Epidemic Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Gases:

It is difficult to enumerate all kinds of diseases. About the disease is biased towards the side, delaying the door and closing the door, and everyone is the same, all of which are the qi of the times, that is, miscellaneous qi is also a disease. For all kinds of diseases, it is not necessary to know qi. Gai had a certain qi at that time, and he specialized in a certain zang-fu organ and a certain meridian, and he specialized in a certain disease. Therefore, the diseases of all people are the same, and it is not to know the qi, not to close the zang-fu organs and meridians, or to prove it. Husband’s illness can’t be arrested at the age of four, but it can’t be determined by five movements and six qi. It is knowing the qi all the time. Whether it originated in the city or in the village, it is nowhere else, and it is nowhere to be found. Epidemic qi is also one of miscellaneous qi, but it is worse than other qi, so it is quite serious, because of its name.

Wu Youxing, On Epidemic Febrile Diseases

Wu believes that all kinds of qi, collectively referred to as miscellaneous qi, may cause epidemics, but "furuncle qi" (epidemic qi) is the most serious cause. This theory officially sets the tone for the identity of the plague, subverting the cognitive system that used to respect "injury to the cold". However, it was the Qing Dynasty that the theory of febrile diseases was the most developed. Wu’s statement only opened a different way of thinking from Treatise on Febrile Diseases and did not become the only model. His so-called "miscellaneous qi" theory, which is different from epidemic qi, was replaced by the "evil qi" theory derived from the concept of six qi by most scholars of epidemic diseases in Qing Dynasty. Since then, the system of epidemic febrile diseases has become more complicated.

The war-torn between the Ming and Qing Dynasties, coupled with foreign trade since the Qing Dynasty, and the rapid population growth in southern China, made epidemic febrile diseases quickly become synonymous with local diseases in southern China. Among them, Wu Tang divided epidemic febrile diseases into wind temperature, warm temperature, epidemic febrile disease, warm poison, summer temperature, wet temperature, autumn dryness, winter temperature, warm malaria, etc. Among them, warmth, heat, summer heat, dryness, etc. are unhealthy qi in a broad sense, while "warm poison" and "epidemic disease" are caused by furuncle and foul poisonous gas. Now, these "pathogenic qi" all belong to the epidemic febrile disease, which dominates the feeling of the body when it is sick. For example, "dampness" will cause pain in bones and joints and a sense of stagnation. As Ye Gui said, "aversion to cold and fever, heavy body, joint pain, and dampness in muscles." This refers to the "hot" feeling of epidemic febrile diseases combined with "wet" qi. And because "summer heat" and "dampness" are both pathogenic factors, both of which are factors of disease occurrence, headache, body pain and fever are both symptoms of summer heat and damp heat. If the former is heavier, the situation of high fever will be more serious; If the latter is heavier, the body pain will be aggravated.

03

The barriers between cold and warm factions

The symptoms of patients become the treatment criteria. In this situation, Wang Shixiong said in "Essays of Chongqing Hall": "Summer is also wet, and it is also five qi. Summer belongs to fire, and dampness belongs to scholars, each living in the five elements, and fire and soil are in harmony. Therefore, summer and dampness are easy to combine, and righteousness is also common. " Therefore, in a word, miscellaneous qi is not only the cause of disease, but also the source of physical feelings. Fever diseases included in febrile diseases in traditional Chinese medicine are not only symptoms, but also the collection of patients’ physical feelings, and cannot be treated with an absolute single disease name. It is a unified and fixed definition based on the theory that TCM has the same symptoms, but less diseases with the same names.

Xie Liheng, a medical historian, said in The Origin of China’s Medicine: "Treatise on Febrile Diseases is an ancient book in the Han Dynasty, and warmth is a special disease today. It is said that there is no cure for febrile diseases in Treatise on Febrile Diseases. If you want to blame the people of the Han Dynasty for curing all kinds of diseases such as fever in later generations, it is too much to move. " Although the ancient books are ancient, there are thousands of diseases today, which really hit the nail on the head But interestingly, the theory of "injury to cold" still exists in the system of treating fever, and has not been forgotten as "out of date". For example, Wu Tang believes that "cold" is still the main cause of all exogenous febrile diseases, because it hides in the body and is touched in spring, so "injury to cold" is still an important inducement of fever infection. When Wu Tang criticized The Theory of Epidemic Febrile Diseases, he also said: "It is (or possible) to be ignorant of the principle that latent qi is the disease, and to regard what is the typhoid fever that is the disease, and what is the epidemic febrile disease that is" not the disease, but the spring ",so that the source of warmth is directly cut off, not the cold, and the ignorance of oneself is not blamed, but the absurdity of words is blamed." "Wu’s eyes were full of epidemic diseases when Chongzhen was fierce and wild, so he wrote the text" Winter hurts in cold, and spring will get sick and warm ". Everyone has their own prejudices and cannot be integrated. " From this point of view, it is possible that most febrile disease experts still respect Zhongjing’s theory, and the barriers between cold and warm factions are not as big as we thought.

Xie Guan, Zi Liheng, On the Origin of China’s Medicine.

Not to mention the doctors who advocate the classic prescriptions, they think that the differences between the cold and warm factions are just an excuse for doctors not to know Treatise on Febrile Diseases. For example, Tang Zonghai thought Treatise on Febrile Diseases was "the concealment of all diseases", and he refuted many doubts that "all books that were warm in later generations were called Zhongjing, only on typhoid fever, regardless of warmth". Tang believes that "differentiation of six meridians" is the outline of Zhongjing’s treatise on diseases, and Zhongjing takes into account wind, cold and warm qi. More importantly, Treatise on Febrile Diseases takes meridian diseases as a system to classify the symptoms and treatment system of exogenous fever, not just "cold" as the only basis, so it can be independent of "miscellaneous qi" and "epidemic qi", which is So in modern times, the two systems of TCM, cold and warm, can still have a dialogue with western epidemiology at the same time.

This article is taken from

Title: The Game of Modern Chinese and Western Medicine

Author: Pi Guoli

Press: Zhonghua Book Company

Subtitle: antibacterial history of traditional Chinese medicine

Publication year: June 6, 2019

Editor: _ Tong _ refers to Xinghua Village

The picture comes from the Internet.

Original title: "How does Chinese medicine understand the" plague "? 》

Read the original text

　　CCTV News:The Central Meteorological Observatory continued to issue a yellow rainstorm warning at 10: 00 on September 4.

　　It is estimated that there will be heavy rains in parts of eastern Fujian, eastern Guangdong, southern Zhejiang, southern and eastern Taiwan Province Island from 14: 00 on September 4 to 14: 00 on September 5, among which there will be heavy rains in parts of southeastern Fujian and southeastern Guangdong, with local heavy rains (250-300mm). Some of the above areas are accompanied by short-term heavy rainfall (the maximum hourly rainfall is 30 ~ 60 mm, and the local area can exceed 80 mm), and there are strong convective weather such as thunderstorms and strong winds.

　　Defense guide:

　　1, the government and relevant departments in accordance with their duties to do a good job of rainstorm prevention;

　　2. The traffic management department shall take traffic control measures in heavy rainfall sections according to the road conditions, and implement traffic guidance in waterlogged sections;

　　3, cut off the dangerous outdoor power supply in low-lying areas, suspend outdoor work in open places, and transfer people in dangerous areas and residents of dangerous houses to safe places to shelter from the rain;

　　4, check the city, farmland, fish pond drainage system, take the necessary drainage measures.

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