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　　China Academic Conference Online(www.meeting.edu.cn) is the most authoritative, public welfare and interactive national academic conference exchange platform for the national academic groups. It is headed by the Ministry of Education and sponsored by the Science and Technology Development Center of the Ministry of Education. It was put into trial operation in January 2005. Relying on the national colleges and universities, with the strong support of the government, it adopts advanced network technology, multimedia communication technology and streaming media technology to create a high-quality academic resource sharing platform for researchers; It is committed to the full sharing and exchange of excellent academic resources, and provides a brand-new space for the majority of scientific researchers to participate in academic conference exchanges. Based on the purpose of optimizing the environment for scientific research and innovation, optimizing the environment for cultivating innovative talents, and in view of the current situation of scattered academic conference resources, closed information and narrow communication in China, it creates a good academic communication environment by realizing the network sharing of academic conference resources, which is conducive to broadening horizons, broadening academic communication channels, promoting interdisciplinary integration, and making positive contributions to cultivating innovative and high-level professional academic talents for the country and establishing a world-class university.

　　The platform provides international and domestic academic conference forecasting and online service, live video broadcast, on-demand and interactive conference system, etc. It has predicted 1,007 academic conferences, released 1,026 conference news, 219 conference video reports, 3,893 conference papers and 103 conference materials. More than 600 colleges and universities have established links on the homepage of the school or the homepage of the Science and Technology Department, with 600,000 visitors. More than ten high-level international academic conferences were broadcast live and more than 200 academic video reports were collected and processed.

   Original title: Taiyuan senior high school entrance examination will be held from June 20th to 22nd.

    Read this pre-test reminder carefully and may it help you.

    Take dreams as a horse and live up to your youth. The 2023 senior high school entrance examination will be held from June 20th to 22nd. In order to ensure that the majority of candidates take the exam safely and smoothly, on June 14, Taiyuan Admissions Examination Management Center issued a warm reminder to the majority of candidates and parents.

   Familiarize yourself with the test center in advance before the exam.

    Candidates carefully check the examination documents before the exam and get familiar with the test center schools in advance. After receiving the admission ticket, candidates should carefully check the test center name, examination room number, admission ticket number and test time on the admission ticket. Take good care of your ID card and admission ticket to prevent the delay of the exam due to the loss of documents. One day before the exam, candidates should be familiar with the location of the test center school, plan the itinerary and time, and pay attention to safety on the way.

    Carry the examination certificate and articles correctly, and check the necessary articles for the examination. Candidates should check whether they have the admission ticket, ID card, 2B pencil, 0.5 mm black writing pen, ruler, compass, triangle, protractor, eraser, pencil sharpener and transparent stationery bag before going to the exam.

    What needs to be reminded is that on the afternoon of June 21st, candidates are only allowed to bring textbooks on Morality and Rule of Law in ordinary junior middle schools. There can be copied class notes in the margin of the textbook page, and labels and stickers at the edge of the page can be used to find the title easily. Do not paste photocopies, insert pages or clip pages in textbooks, and do not carry photocopies, prints, modifications or cross-dressing textbooks.

    It is strictly forbidden to bring prohibited items such as communication tools into the test center. Candidates are forbidden to take mobile phones, walkie-talkies, contact headphones, headsets, cameras, scanners, electronic memory recording and playback devices, calculators, non-pointer watches, etc. Once found, they will be treated as cheating. No correction fluid, correction tape, adhesive tape paper, thin rubber sheet and opaque pencil case are allowed.

    Remember the time of the exam, especially the entrance time of the English exam. Enter the examination room 40 minutes before the exam; Candidates who are late after 15 minutes are not allowed to enter the examination room; The submission time shall not be earlier than 30 minutes before the end of each exam and shall not leave the test center after leaving the field; You are not allowed to enter the examination room again after leaving the examination room. On June 22, the English exam, at 7: 50, candidates began to enter the examination room; At 8: 15, the answer sheet was distributed, and late candidates were prohibited from entering the venue; At 8: 20, the test questions (papers) will be unsealed in public and the audition will be conducted (both are synchronized); At 8: 25, the test questions were distributed; At 8: 30, the listening test officially began, and the CD was played once.

   Different types of questions require different answers.

    Carefully check and fill in personal information, correctly use the answer sheet, and check and fill in the name, admission ticket number and barcode information. After receiving the test paper and answer sheet, candidates should first check whether the bar code information posted on the answer sheet is consistent with their own admission ticket number and name. After checking it correctly, they should fill in the columns such as name and admission ticket number accurately and clearly at the designated location within the specified time according to the requirements of the invigilator.

    Candidates must fill in (smear) the answers in the corresponding positions on the answer sheet when answering questions. Answers written on the test paper and draft paper or answers beyond the answer area will not be scored. When answering multiple-choice questions, you should use 2B pencil to fill in the blanks, and black out the answers selected for this question on the answer sheet according to the question number on the test paper. If you want to modify the answer, erase it with an eraser and then fill it in again. Be careful not to scratch the answer sheet.

    When answering multiple-choice questions, you must use a 0.5 mm black handwriting pen, and the handwriting should be neat and clear, with appropriate spacing. Answering questions in the answer sheet area corresponding to the question number is invalid if written outside the area or on the draft paper. If you need to modify, you can cross out the original content and write a new answer immediately below it. The revised answer still cannot exceed the answer area, otherwise it will be invalid. It is forbidden to use correction fluid and correction tape on the answer sheet, and it is not allowed to use tape paper to stick the answer sheet.

    The drawing questions can be drawn with a pencil first, and then clearly drawn with a 0.5 mm black writing pen after confirmation. Keep the answer sheet clean, do not make any marks on the answer sheet, and do not fold or deface the answer sheet.

   Watch the time and volunteer.

    During the examination, candidates should pay attention to food hygiene to prevent food poisoning; Pay attention to the weather changes, not only to prevent heatstroke, but also to prevent getting caught in the rain and catching cold, and take precautions in advance to ensure the exam on time.

    During the senior high school entrance examination, motor vehicles in the city are restricted to single and even numbers. The vehicle for picking up and dropping off candidates is not subject to this restriction, but the Candidate’s Admission Ticket must be copied to A4 paper and pasted on the lower right corner of the front windshield of the vehicle.

    Pay attention to the time and website of online volunteering. Online volunteering for senior high school entrance examination is divided into two parts.

    Ordinary high schools and vocational high schools, from 8: 00 on June 25th to 18: 00 on June 28th, candidates log on to "shanxi recruit students Examination Network" (http://www.sxkszx.cn) and enter the "Shanxi Senior High School Entrance Examination Candidates Online Service Platform" to fill in the form. Ordinary senior high schools are expected to make three voluntary supplementary reports (the number of supplementary reports will be determined according to the school vacancy, and no supplementary reports will be made if there is no vacancy). The time is from 8: 00 on July 22nd to 18: 00 on July 24th, from 8: 00 to 31: 00 on July 29th and from 8: 00 to 7: 00 on August 5th, respectively. Candidates who are not admitted can make supplementary reports. The voluntary supplementary report of vocational high schools will be made according to the admission situation. Please pay attention to the announcement of voluntary supplementary report of official website of Taiyuan Education Bureau at any time.

    Five-year higher vocational colleges, general secondary schools, vocational secondary schools and technical colleges, from 8: 00 on June 25th to 18: 00 on July 5th, candidates log on to "shanxi recruit students Examination Network" (http://www.sxkszx.cn) and enter the "Shanxi Senior High School Entrance Examination Candidates Online Service Platform" to fill in the form. Candidates who have not been admitted can make up their volunteers at 8: 00 on August 1 and 8: 00 on September 11 and 18: 00 on September 13.

    The results of the senior high school entrance examination are expected to be announced on July 10th. You can log in to "shanxi recruit students Examination Network" (http://www.sxkszx.cn) to inquire, or download and install the "My Taiyuan" APP from the mobile app store, and check the results of the senior high school entrance examination after logging in. At the same time, the junior high school graduation school will print the results of the senior high school entrance examination for the candidates and affix the official seal of the school. The results will be used as proof materials for the candidates’ achievements, so please keep them properly. (Reporter Yang Jing)

To sum up, the community composting model in Bangalore is led by SWMRT, leading local public welfare organizations, social enterprises and volunteer groups to form a joint force, and it is a bottom-up attempt and promotion model. They took advantage of the opportunity brought by the garbage crisis to urge the state courts to issue decrees. Once the decrees were issued, they became a top-down promotion and implementation model. It can be said that Bangalore composting model is an organic combination of bottom-up and top-down methods, which provides a new idea for us to explore the technology and management path of kitchen waste recycling in China, especially to try and popularize community kitchen waste composting.

Below, some specific composting cases are introduced.

Compost basket in a community in Bangalore. The pictures in this article are provided by Zhang Xuehua.

There are 1332 households in this community, and composting has been done for more than seven years. They mixed kitchen waste, dried leaves, coconut residue (without strains), sawdust residue and a microbial strain, crushed them with a crusher and composted them. I call it shopping basket composting, which is the simplest and most economical community composting method. There are about 1000 baskets in this community, and the kitchen allowance is nearly 1000 kilograms a day. One box can hold about 13 kilograms of kitchen waste, and about 80-100 baskets are used every day, which can be recycled every 10 days. Ten days later, before being transferred from the shopping basket to the composting pool to continue fermentation, it will be broken again and screened, and the large particles will be put back into the next round of composting basket, and the small ones will enter the composting pool to continue fermentation. The whole composting process takes 35 to 40 days to complete.

Schematic diagram of a composting process

The garbage disposal room in this community is about 300 square meters, which is not only used for composting, but also for secondary sorting of recycled garbage. Dry garbage can be sold for money, and so can kitchen waste. This place is managed by a woman from the Welfare Committee, and six workers are employed to take charge of the secondary sorting and composting management of garbage. Every morning from 10: 00 to 11: 30, the community cleaners come to collect garbage, and there are two people in one building. This meticulous management ensures the quality of the final fertilizer, and many local people are willing to buy their compost products.

Bokashi compost is also popular in China, which is very effective in treating mixed kitchen waste (raw, cooked and meat kitchen waste). The principle of Pocasi barrel is very simple, which is a facultative fermentation process dominated by anaerobic. However, if it is not properly managed, it is very easy to stink, especially during the transfer of fermented products, which often emits a lot of odor, causing residents to resent and complain.

Pocasi bucket of the resort owner

This is a resort owner in Bangalore. He has three restaurants in the city. Every day, about 240 kilograms of kitchen waste is produced. Eight to ten bocasi barrels should be packed separately, and then coconut residue, bacteria and compaction should be added. After standing for three days, the barrels should be sent to the resort to continue fermentation for two weeks. Then transfer it out, add leaves for secondary aerobic composting, and complete the decomposition process after three to four weeks, and the compost product can be used.

Sealed composting facilities in the office area of Bangalore municipal government

This is the composting facility in the office area of Bangalore municipal government. They started composting only two or three years ago. The cases mentioned before are all open composting, and the closed composting facilities are used here. They collect all the organic waste in the office area for composting, and also collect dry leaves as regulating substances for composting together. After fermentation, put it in a metal compost frame for decomposition. The quality of the final mature fertilizer is very good, and it is applied to the garden soil in the office area.

According to the Bangalore government’s estimate in early 2019 (the government has never had accurate statistics), about 50% of the residential quarters with a scale of more than 150 households in the city have been developing kitchen waste composting. So the question is, where did the remaining 50% of the kitchen waste go? According to the municipal official who received us, some went to government-certified composting companies, while others were buried in old quarries.

This shows that no matter how well laws and government policies are formulated, composting centers in many administrative districts have not been established. Frankly speaking, the local government still has the phenomenon of inaction, which exists in many countries and regions and depends on the continuous promotion of social forces.

Formation of composting industrial chain

Since Bangalore implemented the decentralized waste management model, we can see that a composting industry chain from design to sales has gradually taken shape. Local farmers began to be willing to use compost products piled up from kitchen waste, and companies specializing in purchasing and selling compost products appeared. The formation of industrial chain will also reduce the price of compost raw materials, such as coconut residue. The selling price of Indian coconut brick with bacteria is 25 yuan RMB for every 5 kg, and that of coconut brick without bacteria is 19 yuan RMB for every 5 kg. On the market in China, the online sales price of coconut bricks without bacteria is 23-25 yuan per 5 kg.

In recent years, the chain of urban kitchen waste compost and agricultural planting has begun to open up. Two years ago, the government tried to build a platform linking composting and planting, and recommended government-certified composting products to farmers. Because the government has not really promoted it, the platform has never been established. In 2019, SWMRT set up a platform of its own, and now it has settled in dozens of farms.

Due to the epidemic situation in COVID-19, many people don’t go to the supermarket to buy things, so the farmers’ market suddenly became prosperous, and more people began to buy compost products, which also brought closer the direct contact between community compost and farmers. It can be seen that it is very important to open up the circulation of substances and form a closed chain of organic substances.

Of course, government certification is also very important. At the end of last year, Bangalore government began to certify relevant composting enterprises, such as composting facilities manufacturers, composting raw materials enterprises and composting consulting companies. At present, 37 enterprises have obtained government qualifications. This is a measure taken by the government only after the composting industry has developed to a certain extent and promoted by social organizations. On the other hand, non-profit organizations like SWMRT themselves have hatched social enterprises and social organizations related to composting.

For example, Hasiru Dala is a well-known local charity organization concerned with garbage issues, and later it hatched a social enterprise with the same name, focusing on supporting the garbage collectors at the lowest level of society, striving for their legal employment status and related benefits from the government, providing them with technical training, allowing them to hold posts with certificates and helping to manage compost in various communities.

Daily Damp is the earliest local composting company. It was established in 2005, mainly selling composting facilities and various composting auxiliary products. In recent years, it began to acquire qualified composting products. The company invented the earliest closed compost bin, which was popular in India and even copied by Europeans and Americans. This company won the Best Social Enterprise Award in India in 2015.

New Composting Learning Center in Bangalore: Social organizations are training residents on composting.

Since 2005, domestic composting has gradually emerged in Bangalore, laying an important mass foundation for community composting and centralized composting. For example, Vasuki, an Indian expert we hired, turned his garage into a warehouse for composting facilities, and the street in front of his house became a display place for composting, which can handle the kitchen waste of more than a dozen neighbors nearby.

Composting expert Vasuki’s composting company and home composting facilities are displayed.

We visited a public composting workshop that has been running for more than ten years. It is located in the home of Vani, a well-known local environmental activist. The activity venue is on the roof, and various composting methods are displayed in more than 100 square meters. For example, the simplest free self-made compost bucket can be composted by putting dried leaves picked up on the street and crushing them by hand.

What impressed me the most was that Vani told me repeatedly when we met for the first time that the best way to avoid mosquito odor from composting at home was to compost the kitchen waste as soon as it was produced. In other words, let the kitchen waste directly enter the compost bucket from the cutting board and dining table to avoid the rot and odor caused by long shelf life. In other words, the kitchen Yu Gang was not rotted when it was produced, and there were no mosquitoes, so it was the best to control.

In my opinion, the completion of the composting learning center is a landmark event for the success of community composting in Bangalore. The learning center was completed in early 2019. The municipal government took out a three-acre small park as a venue, and environmental protection organizations persuaded a local garbage collection and transportation company to provide financial support. This garbage company is run by the nephew of a district councilor in Bangalore. He donates one third of the company’s monthly income every year to maintain the operation and management of the learning center.

The reference significance of Bangalore

Source classification of kitchen waste is very important. Indian experts say that the purity of kitchen waste separated locally can reach 95%, which is related to door-to-door collection without plastic bags, with high visibility and less mixed impurities.

Secondly, the meticulous management of compost is very important, which is the most worth learning. They treat composting as a kind of science and art, strive to master the basic principles of composting, choose appropriate composting methods, and pay attention to the management of composting process. At the individual and community level, composting is the best way to practice circular economy.

There, I often heard the person in charge of the local environmental protection organization say: Treat your composting as your baby. Fine management in Bangalore can not only improve residents’ acceptance of composting and ensure the quality of composting products, but also gradually form an industrial chain and promote the popularization of community composting model.

In addition, Bangalore model can not be separated from the vigorous promotion of social forces and the participation of composting enterprises. For example, Vani, the "mother of compost" mentioned earlier, has been promoting home composting since 2005. Imagine that if 1% of families in a city have tried composting, then most people have heard of or seen composting, and composting has a certain social acceptance. By the time the garbage crisis appeared in 2012, more than a dozen local communities had formed a sustainable composting model, which was a very important prerequisite for the introduction and implementation of Bangalore’s new garbage policy.

Social organizations and enterprises involved in composting promotion in Bangalore

Non-profit organizations not only promoted the introduction of policies (including public interest litigation), but also became the backbone of promotion after the introduction of policies, helping the government to improve mobilization and training work such as garbage sorting, kitchen waste composting and residents’ mobilization. Instead of waiting for the government to implement the policy, they actively helped the government to train volunteers and promote and supervise the government’s work. As we all know, it is very difficult to completely rely on the government’s conscious implementation.

In Bangalore, social organizations supported the emergence of composting industry from the beginning. Both the government and community organizations encouraged individuals to set up social enterprises to support the industry by supporting themselves. It is also very important that both communities and enterprises should make efforts to make the composting process and composting products safe and harmless, so as to ensure their application in public areas and farmland.

[Zhang Xuehua is the chief scientist of ecological environment research in Nanjing University (Lishui), and a doctor of interdisciplinary specialty in environment and resources in Stanford University. This article is based on a series of lectures of Zivanko Public Welfare Foundation on June 30th. 】

"Global Experience and Shanghai Practice of Garbage Sorting" compiled by the Institute of Surging has just come into the market. Please scan the QR code or follow the micro-stores of WeChat WeChat official account Archipelago and Tongji University Press, which are also available for sale on Dangdang.

　　Original title: online shopping "red onion", after eating it, it is hallucinogenic and enters the ICU. Experts remind: toxic fungi should be eaten carefully, and improper cooking will lead to poisoning.　

　　In summer, it’s time to eat mushrooms again. Delicious mushrooms attract the attention of many diners, but there are many kinds of mushrooms, some of which are even toxic. Boletus lanmao, commonly known as scallion, is a famous kind of toxic mushrooms. With the development of online shopping, red onion began to be sold to a wider area, and some people who were not familiar with this fungus bought it to eat, which triggered a poisoning incident. Recently, a netizen was poisoned by red onion and was sent to ICU for two days of hemodialysis before he recovered slowly. Experts say that hallucinations caused by the poisoning of bacteria such as scallion are only a few cases, and more are caused by headaches, nausea and gastroenteritis, which seriously affect work and life, and it is not clear whether there is long-term damage, which is not a "fun" thing. Yang Zhuliang, an expert from Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, said that in the latest edition of Yunnan Common Poisonous Mushrooms (Poisonous Mushrooms) 2022, red onions have been included in the category of poisonous mushrooms, and it is recommended that they should not be collected, purchased, processed or eaten!

　　A rescue caused by greed

　　Out of curiosity, I bought shallots online, but I didn’t feel "amazing" after eating them for two days.

　　On June 23, 2022, Xiaohong (pseudonym) was completely awake the next day after eating red onion poisoning. Lying in the hospital bed, she found that her memory was blank for several days, and it was only by constantly capturing memories that she pieced together the poisoning experience.

　　Wild mushrooms in Yunnan have been listed in large quantities recently. When she was playing social software, she saw big data pushing related content. Xiaohong’s family is in Jiangxi, where she doesn’t produce red onions. She only knows that red onions are "green" and belong to a kind of boletus. I heard that they taste particularly good and are the best mushrooms in Yunnan. The merchant put white onion and red onion on a link. She asked the merchant what mushrooms are delicious now. The merchant said that red onion is a little poisonous, but white onion is not poisonous, but the taste of red onion will be better.

　　On June 17, 2022, she placed an order for two pounds of red onions on the online shopping platform, and the merchant gave a cooking instruction, telling that it would be no problem to cook for more than 15 minutes. At noon on the 18th, she received the goods. The newly acquired fungus was still a little icy, big and fresh. She was particularly proud at that time and felt that she was good at picking, so she bought a good fungus the first time.

　　At about 5 pm on June 18th, she sliced the red onion according to the strategy, prepared a lot of garlic slices and dried peppers, stir-fried them in a pot for 10 minutes, and then boiled them in water. She was a little scared and deliberately cooked for more than 10 minutes, and the total processing time was 26 to 30 minutes. When she ate it, she thought it tasted ok, but "it didn’t have that amazing taste."

　　After eating on the 18th, there was nothing wrong until the afternoon of the 19th, so she did it again in the same way. Because there was a lot of oil left when the fungus was oiled for the first time, she asked the shopkeeper if it could be used. The shopkeeper said that the oil was not toxic and the oil after the fungus was fresher, so she fried and cooked the onion with the previous oil and new oil, and the cooking time was more than 25 minutes.

　　After being poisoned, he was sent to ICU, and his memory was all blank.

　　Not long after coming to work in the company the next day, she felt dizzy and sent a message to her lover saying that she might be poisoned. The messages sent afterwards were all typos. She ate red onions with her lover, who was fine. After seeing the news, she rushed over and took her to the hospital around 11 o’clock. As soon as she entered the hospital, she was rushed to the emergency room for rescue, and was pushed out by the nurse wearing an oxygen mask and hanging a drip at one or two in the afternoon. Only when her lover asked did she know that she was really poisoned and had been asking the doctor to see the "villain".

　　Considering her large consumption and long poisoning time, the doctor decided to adopt hemodialysis treatment. At 6 o’clock that evening, she was pushed into the operating room again, and she didn’t leave the operating room until around 10: 30. "My memory was all blank during this time, and the real memory was at noon on June 21."

　　Xiaohong’s lover said that on the 20th, his wife vomited from morning till night, and she was unconscious, and she also had symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps and colic. Once he was talking to a doctor, Xiaohong reached for the "little man" and dropped the needle on himself. When he came back, he saw that the ground was covered with blood. At that time, Xiaohong’s temper became very violent. "Usually she is very gentle. At the moment she woke up, she found that she had a lot of pipes and needles inserted in her body, so she pulled them all down rudely."

　　At this time, Xiaohong’s illusion has not disappeared. Many murals and short videos can be seen around curtains and beds, and many cartoon characters look at her through the ceiling and windowsill. She felt very novel and told these things to her family. After Xiaohong’s poisoning, she also showed the symptoms of mydriasis, with serious cross-eyed eyes and double vision. On the afternoon of the 21st, she was pushed to the ICU for the second dialysis, and then her hallucination weakened a little. After dialysis for the third time on the afternoon of the 22nd, the hallucinations and ghosts slowly disappeared.

　　After leaving the hospital, Xiaohong felt weaker than before, weaker in qi and blood, and more likely to feel sleepy. As long as she hears the name of this mushroom, she will feel sick involuntarily. She once communicated with the merchants about the poisoning problem, and the merchants claimed that her practice was wrong. Because the merchant did warn the red onion beforehand that it was poisonous, she did it completely according to the method said by the merchant, but she was poisoned. I wonder if the merchant should be responsible for it.

　　What exactly is "red onion"

　　In 2016, it was discovered that it is an endemic species in China, and its smell is close to that of onion.

　　Liu Junjie, a doctoral student in ecology at Guangxi University, saw Xiaohong’s photo of red onion and quickly determined its species: Boletus lanmao. He told reporters that Boletus lanmao belongs to a kind of "seeing hands", and red onion is its common name. People used to think that Boletus lanmao was a two-color boletus from America. Later, the team of Yang Zhuliang, a researcher at Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and a famous mushroom expert, discovered that it was a new genus and new species in China. In 2016, it was published as a new genus and new species under the name of Lanmao, in memory of Lanmao, the name of Boletus and the author of Herbal Medicine in Southern Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty.

　　The origin of the name "Seeing Hand Green" is that once its thallus is touched, the juice secreted by the pressed contact surface will be oxidized to cyan. In fact, the bacteria not only secrete cyan juice, but also change into powder, yellow, red, purple and black. It is difficult for ordinary people to distinguish their exact species, so they are called red hand, white hand, purple hand and pink hand according to their colors. The light-colored and red Saussurea involucrata, which have the largest harvest, are collectively referred to as onion bacteria by local people, and are divided into two categories: white onion bacteria (light-colored Saussurea involucrata) and red onion bacteria (red Saussurea involucrata). The origin of their names is also very simple-the smell emitted by these bacteria is close to that of onions.

　　In fact, the red hand also includes several kinds of boletus, and Boletus lanmao is one of them. There are many kinds of gymnosperms, and not all of them are toxic. However, it is well known that Boletus lanmao is toxic.

　　Can "red onion" be eaten after all?

　　The mechanism of poisoning is not clear, and toxins may cause damage to internal organs.

　　Yang Zhuliang told Zi Niu news reporter that Boletus lanmao has been sold in the wild mushroom markets all over Yunnan for generations. Among the wild mushrooms such as Boletus, it is the most expensive one. Locals like to buy, cook and eat, and feel good. Taste good. "But according to our years of research, it is found to be toxic, especially for some susceptible people. If it is not cooked properly, it will lead to poisoning after eating."

　　How to eat red onion without poisoning? In fact, Yunnan locals are not clear. Some people say that garlic frying can detoxify, and some people say that onion frying can poison. Liu Junjie thinks that there is no scientific basis.

　　Poisoning by boletus lanmao may lead to hallucinations such as "seeing a villain", which makes some people feel funny and even eat it in pursuit of "seeing a villain". This behavior is extremely undesirable. Like many poisonous mushrooms, different people may have different reactions after eating them. Some people are fine, and some people may have big problems.

　　Eating red onions without symptoms of poisoning does not mean that its toxins disappeared during cooking and processing. Yang Zhuliang said: "According to our investigation for many years, there is a phenomenon that most people want to make it convenient to eat the leftover red onion dishes before the next time. Put them in the microwave oven for 30 seconds to 1 minute and then eat them, which often leads to poisoning."

　　Liu Junjie pointed out that there is still a lack of in-depth research on the toxin of red onion, and the specific poisoning mechanism is still unclear. In fact, the illusion of "seeing a villain" caused by eating red onion poisoning is only a few. Its toxin may cause damage to liver, kidney and other internal organs, and more often lead to headaches, nausea, gastroenteritis, vomiting and diarrhea, which seriously affects work and life.

　　Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences has published a multi-edition illustrated edition of Common Poisonous Bacteria (Poisonous Mushrooms) in Yunnan. Yang Zhuliang told reporters that in the latest edition of Yunnan Common Poisonous Mushrooms (Poisonous Mushrooms) 2022, red onions have been included in the category of poisonous mushrooms, and it is recommended not to pick, purchase, process or eat. "I hope to attract everyone’s attention."

　　The best depth media of Zi Niu Tau Tiao Zi Niu News reporter Song Shifeng

I. Background

　　Since the 21st century, with the rapid development of China’s economy and society, people’s work and lifestyle have changed, and the physical activity of residents has decreased significantly. Insufficient physical activity is the fourth independent factor leading to human death. Sports activities have become the most active, effective and economical way of life to enhance the national physique and improve the health level.
　　Our government attaches great importance to the important role of sports activities in strengthening physical fitness and improving health level. In 1995, the State Council promulgated and implemented the Outline of the National Fitness Program; In 2007, the State Council issued "Opinions on Strengthening Youth Sports to Enhance Youth Physical Fitness"; In 2014, the State Council issued "Several Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Sports Industry and Promoting Sports Consumption"; In 2016, the State Council issued the Outline of Healthy China 2030, which made clear arrangements for developing mass sports activities, advocating the new fashion of national fitness and promoting the construction of a healthy China.　　
　　Since the implementation of the National Fitness Program in 1995, China’s mass sports undertakings have developed vigorously, sports administrative departments at all levels have actively implemented the Outline of the National Fitness Program, and the youth sports work has been continuously promoted, and the awareness of sports activities has been significantly enhanced; The average area of gymnasiums and gymnasiums in China is 1.57 square meters, and the proportion of people who regularly participate in sports activities is 33.9%. The forms of sports activities for the elderly are rich and colorful, and the quality of life is improved. According to the data of the sixth census, the average life expectancy in China is 74.9 years. The social atmosphere in which sports activities have become an important means to keep fit has been formed.
　　However, we should be aware that the role of sports activities in strengthening the national physique and improving the health level has not been fully exerted, and there is still a big gap from the requirements of a healthy China. According to relevant national survey data, although the proportion of people who regularly participate in sports activities in China has increased year by year, the overweight rate and obesity rate of residents have also continued to increase, and the changes of indicators such as adolescent endurance, adult muscle strength and endurance, and elderly muscle strength are not optimistic. The incidence of chronic non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes is on the rise, and many research results of sports activities in the field of health promotion have not been fully applied to practice. Most residents have great blindness when participating in sports activities. There is still much room for improvement in physical fitness and disease prevention and control. Therefore, it is urgent to issue an authoritative guide to physical fitness activities at the national level to guide residents to engage in physical fitness activities scientifically.
　　According to the actual situation of China residents’ participation in physical fitness activities, the National Fitness Guide systematically summarizes and integrates the relevant national research results in the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the Eleventh Five-Year Plan and the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, and is compiled based on the measured data of China residents’ physical fitness. It mainly includes the effect of physical fitness activities, the test and evaluation of sports ability, the principles of physical fitness activities, the guiding scheme of physical fitness activities and so on.

Second, the effect of physical fitness activities

　　In ancient China, there was a written record of improving human health through introduction. A large number of modern research results have confirmed that regular participation in physical fitness activities can effectively enhance physical fitness, prevent diseases, and improve study and work efficiency.

　　(A) to enhance physical fitness, improve health.

　　Constitution refers to the comprehensive and relatively stable characteristics of human morphological structure, physiological function and psychological factors on the basis of heredity and acquisition. Physical fitness activities can improve the cardiopulmonary function, muscle strength, flexibility, balance and reaction ability of human body, and improve body composition, so as to achieve the effect of enhancing physical fitness and improving health level.

　　1. Improve cardiopulmonary function

　　Cardiopulmonary function is one of the core factors affecting physical fitness and health. Low cardiopulmonary function can lead to an increased risk of premature death. Regular physical activities can improve cardiac contractility and vital capacity, regulate blood pressure, improve blood lipids, have a good impact on cardiopulmonary function, and obviously improve the cardiopulmonary function and health level of teenagers, middle-aged people and the elderly.

　　2. Improve body composition

　　Body composition refers to various substances that make up the body and their proportions, which are generally expressed by body fat content and muscle weight and their ratios. Studies have confirmed that excessive body fat, especially abdominal fat, can induce cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases. Physical activities based on aerobic exercise can increase fat consumption, reduce body fat content, increase muscle weight and improve body composition.

　　3. Increase muscle strength

　　Strength training can improve muscle strength and muscle fatigue resistance, promote the growth and development of teenagers, make their physique stronger, prevent symptoms such as waist pain, shoulder and neck pain caused by muscle strength attenuation, improve body balance, prevent the elderly from falling, maintain bone health, and prevent and delay osteoporosis.

　　4. Improve flexibility

　　Flexibility is not only an important sports skill, but also an important activity ability in daily life. Regular traction exercises can improve the elasticity of muscles and ligaments, increase the range of physical activities of teenagers, have beautiful body posture, reduce muscle strain, and prevent and treat joint diseases of middle-aged and elderly people.

　　5. Improve the happiness index

　　Physical exercise is an effective means of psychological intervention. Physical fitness activities can increase people’s sense of pleasure, make people relax, relieve stress, form a good psychological state, get physical and psychological satisfaction, make teenagers full of vitality, middle-aged and elderly people full of vitality, and improve happiness index.

　　(B) prevention and treatment of diseases, improve the quality of life

　　Physical activity can improve the functional level of human organs, enhance the body’s immunity and prevent diseases, especially for chronic non-communicable diseases. Chronic non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and osteoporosis, are important diseases that endanger the health of Chinese residents. Regular physical activities can effectively control the inducing factors of chronic non-communicable diseases, prevent the occurrence of chronic non-communicable diseases, and at the same time, it is also an effective means to treat chronic non-communicable diseases, improve the quality of life and reduce premature death caused by improper lifestyle and insufficient physical activity.

　　1. Cardiovascular disease

　　The prevalence of cardiovascular disease among Chinese residents is on the rise, and cardiovascular death ranks first among the total causes of death among urban and rural residents. Regular physical activities can reduce the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, effectively prevent cardiovascular diseases and promote the rehabilitation of patients with cardiovascular diseases by improving heart function and vascular elasticity, lowering blood pressure, reducing inflammatory factors and regulating blood lipids.

　　2. Diabetes

　　Diabetes is one of the common chronic diseases, and type 2 diabetes is the most common. Regular physical activity can regulate glucose metabolism, reduce blood sugar, improve the sensitivity of target cells to insulin, effectively prevent and treat type 2 diabetes, and delay the occurrence and development of complications. Physical activity can enhance the physique of diabetic patients and improve their quality of life.

　　3. Overweight and obesity

　　Overweight and obesity are characterized by weight gain and are usually expressed by body mass index (BMI). Overweight and obesity are related to many chronic diseases, including hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, some cancers and various musculoskeletal diseases. The most effective means to prevent and reduce obesity are physical activity and diet balance. Physical activity is the most active method to prevent and control obesity, which can help obese people control their weight, improve their physiological function, prevent weight rebound after losing weight and reduce the occurrence of chronic diseases related to obesity.

　　4. Osteoporosis

　　Osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease characterized by decreased bone density, changes in microstructure of bone tissue, and increased fracture susceptibility. Physical activity helps to increase bone mass, improve bone structure, slow down the loss of bone mass caused by aging, prevent falls and reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures by enhancing muscle strength and balance.

　　5. Cancer

　　Cancer, also known as malignant tumor, ranks second among the total causes of death among Chinese residents. Physical activity can reduce the risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer and other cancers, relieve the pain of postoperative treatment of cancer patients, and improve the survival rate and quality of life of cancer patients. The World Health Organization estimates that more than 30% of cancers can be prevented by physical activities.

　　6. Depression

　　Depression, also known as depressive disorder. In recent years, the incidence of depression in China is on the rise. Physical fitness activities can change the chemical composition of the brain, cause good emotional and state responses, effectively prevent depression, and have a positive intervention effect on patients with mild to moderate depression.

　　(C) improve the efficiency of study and work

　　Physical fitness activities can improve people’s cognitive ability and make people concentrate. Regular physical fitness activities can reduce the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, delay central fatigue, have a good impact on the nervous system, help improve the learning efficiency and academic performance of teenagers, extend the effective working hours of adults and improve work efficiency.

Third, the sports ability test and evaluation

　　Sports ability refers to the ability of the human body to engage in sports activities. The sports ability test and evaluation of this guide includes single sports ability test and evaluation and comprehensive sports ability evaluation. Before engaging in sports activities, the human body should comprehensively test and evaluate the indexes related to sports ability, so as to scientifically formulate personalized sports activities programs. At different stages of engaging in sports activities, we should regularly carry out sports ability tests to objectively evaluate the effect of sports activities and ensure the safety and effectiveness of sports activities.

　　(A) individual sports ability test and evaluation

　　Single exercise ability test includes aerobic exercise ability, muscle strength, flexibility, balance and reaction ability test. The evaluation of individual sports ability adopts a five-point system, with 5 being excellent, 4 being good, 3 being medium, 2 being poor and 1 being poor.

　　1. Aerobic exercise ability

　　Aerobic exercise ability reflects the ability of human body to carry out aerobic exercise for a long time, which is closely related to cardiopulmonary function. Strong aerobic exercise ability indicates good cardiopulmonary function. Good aerobic exercise ability is an important sign of good health. Regular participation in sports activities can maintain and improve the aerobic exercise ability of human body.

　　Maximum oxygen uptake is an important index to evaluate aerobic exercise ability.

　　2. Muscle strength

　　Muscle strength is the ability of muscles to overcome or resist resistance when they are nervous or contracting. Muscle strength test indicators include grip strength, back strength, push-ups, sit-ups, vertical jump test and so on.

　　3. Flexibility, balance and reaction ability

　　Flexibility refers to the range of motion of each joint during physical activity and the elasticity and stretching ability of ligaments, tendons, muscles, skin and other tissues across the joint. Good flexibility can increase the range of motion and reduce sports injuries.

　　② Balance refers to the ability to maintain body posture or control the center of gravity. Balance ability is the basis of static and dynamic activities. Good balance ability can effectively prevent all kinds of injuries caused by falls.

　　③ Reaction ability mainly refers to the ability of the human central nervous system to consciously control the rapid movement of the skeletal muscle system after receiving certain instructions or stimuli, which embodies the coordination between the nerve and the muscle system.

　　(2) Comprehensive sports ability evaluation

　　Cardiopulmonary function is one of the most important factors affecting human health, and aerobic exercise ability is closely related to cardiopulmonary function. Therefore, aerobic exercise ability is ranked first in the comprehensive exercise ability evaluation system, with a weight of 40%.

　　Obesity can induce a variety of chronic diseases and become an important risk factor for public health. BMI is an index reflecting the degree of obesity. In view of the important role of BMI in the evaluation system of physical fitness and health, and its obvious influence on sports ability, BMI is included in the comprehensive evaluation system of sports ability, with a weight of 20%.

　　The calculation formula of BMI is: weight (kg) divided by the square of height (m) [BMI= weight (kg)/height 2 (m 2)]. The normal range of BMI in Chinese is greater than 18.5 and less than 24, with BMI equal to or greater than 24 being overweight and equal to or greater than 28 being obese.

　　Muscle strength is closely related to exercise ability and quality of life, and its weight is 20%. The weights of flexibility, balance and responsiveness are 10%, 5% and 5% respectively.

　　According to the weights and coefficients of different individual sports ability indexes in the comprehensive sports ability evaluation, the comprehensive sports ability score is calculated, and the calculation method is as follows:

　　Comprehensive athletic ability score = aerobic athletic ability score ×8+ muscle strength score ×4+BMI score ×4+ flexibility score ×2+ balance ability score ×1+ reaction ability score ×1.

　　The comprehensive sports ability evaluation adopts four grades: 85 or above is excellent, 75 or above is good, 60 or above is qualified, and less than 60 is poor.

Fourth, the principle of physical fitness activities

　　Engaged in physical fitness activities, we must follow the following principles and develop good habits of physical fitness activities.

　　(A) the principle of safety

　　The principle of safety refers to that in the process of physical fitness activities, it is the primary principle to ensure that sports participants do not appear or try to avoid sports injury accidents. Before starting physical fitness activities, you should have a physical examination, comprehensively evaluate your physical condition and sports ability, and make a physical fitness program suitable for your own characteristics. Make full preparations before physical fitness activities, and do a good job of sorting out and relaxing after physical fitness activities.

　　(B) the principle of all-round development

　　The principle of all-round development means that in physical fitness activities, all parts of the body should participate in sports, so that the functional level of various organ systems can be generally improved, not only to improve cardiopulmonary function and immune ability, but also to improve physical fitness such as muscle strength and flexibility. Therefore, it is necessary to choose physical fitness activities involving the main muscle groups of the whole body to achieve all-round development results.

　　(3) The principle of gradual progress

　　The principle of gradual progress refers to scientifically and gradually increasing the time and intensity of physical fitness activities. The principle of step by step emphasizes that according to one’s adaptability to physical fitness activities, one should gradually increase the exercise load, so as to improve one’s physical function and athletic ability continuously, so as to achieve the best physical fitness activities.

　　(D) the principle of individuality

　　The principle of individuation refers to making individualized exercise and fitness programs according to everyone’s genetic characteristics, functional characteristics and exercise habits. When making an exercise and fitness program, it is necessary to carry out necessary medical examination and exercise ability test in order to understand everyone’s specific situation and make the exercise and fitness program more personalized.

Five, physical fitness program elements

　　To make a plan of physical fitness activities, we should mainly consider three basic elements: the way of physical fitness activities, the intensity of physical fitness activities and the time of physical fitness activities.

　　(A) Physical fitness activities

　　Physical exercise mode is the specific fitness means and methods adopted by physical fitness activists. According to the sports characteristics of different sports fitness activities, sports fitness activities can be classified into five categories: aerobic exercise, strength exercise, ball games, traditional sports in China and traction exercise.

　　1. Aerobic exercise

　　Aerobic exercise refers to the rhythmic periodic exercise in which the main muscle groups of the whole body participate under the condition of sufficient oxygen supply. During aerobic exercise, the main muscle groups of the whole body participate in the work, which can improve the human function in an all-round way and is the most popular way of physical activity at home and abroad. Aerobic exercise is divided into moderate intensity exercise and high intensity exercise. Moderate exercise intensity mainly includes fitness walking, jogging (6 ~ 8 km/h), cycling (12 ~ 16 km/h), mountain climbing, stair climbing, swimming, etc. High-intensity exercise mainly includes running (more than 8 km/h) and cycling (more than 16 km/h). Moderate intensity aerobic exercise has a steady rhythm and is the safest way for middle-aged and elderly people to exercise.

　　People should take aerobic exercise as the basic way of physical activity when doing physical fitness activities, and those who take improving cardiopulmonary function, losing weight, regulating blood pressure and improving blood lipid as the main purposes can choose aerobic exercise as the first choice.

　　2. Strength exercises

　　Strength training refers to the way that the human body overcomes resistance and improves muscle strength. Strength exercises include non-instrumental strength exercises and instrumental strength exercises. Non-instrumental exercises refer to strength exercises to overcome one’s own resistance, including push-ups, vertical jumping in situ, sit-ups, etc. Instrument strength exercise refers to the strength exercise that the human body carries out on various strength exercise instruments.

　　Strength exercises can improve muscle strength, increase muscle volume, develop muscle endurance, and promote bone development and bone health. Teenagers’ strength exercises can obviously improve their physical fitness and make their bodies stronger; After adulthood, with the growth of age, strength exercises should be increased year by year; Strength exercises for the elderly can improve their balance ability and prevent all kinds of accidental injuries caused by physical falls.

　　3. Ball games

　　Ball games include direct physical contact ball games and indirect physical contact ball games. The former includes basketball, football, rugby, hockey, ice hockey, etc. The latter includes volleyball, table tennis, badminton, tennis, gateball and softball.

　　Ball games are interesting, and participants’ interest in sports can be improved through competition and confrontation. Ball games have certain special technical requirements and need good physical fitness as the foundation. Regular participation in ball games can improve the body’s cardiopulmonary function, muscle strength and reaction ability, and adjust the psychological state, which is the first choice for teenagers.

　　4. Traditional sports in China.

　　Traditional sports in China include Wushu and Qigong. Specific forms of activities include Tai Ji Chuan (sword), Mulan Boxing (sword), martial arts routines, Wuqin Opera, Baduanjin, Yijinjing, Six-character Tactics and so on.

　　China’s traditional sports and fitness methods are gentle, soft and rigid, and emphasize the combination of ideas and physical activities, which has a unique health-keeping effect. It can improve the cardiopulmonary function and balance ability of human body, improve the function of nervous system and adjust mental state, and has good safety.

　　People, especially middle-aged and elderly people, whose main fitness purpose is to improve their balance, flexibility and coordination, improve their heart and lung functions and adjust their mental state can choose the traditional exercise and fitness methods in China.

　　5. Pulling exercises

　　Traction exercises include static traction exercises and dynamic traction exercises. Various traction exercises can increase the range of motion of joints, improve sports skills and reduce sports injuries.

　　Static traction includes positive pressure leg, side leg press, shoulder pressing, etc. Dynamic traction includes forward kicking, side kicking, waist swinging, etc. Those who take part in physical fitness activities for the first time should focus on static traction exercises, and gradually increase the content of dynamic traction exercises with the improvement of flexibility.

　　See Table 1 for the fitness effects of different sports activities.

　　Recommend sports activities according to the purpose of sports and fitness;

　　— — Physical exercisers whose main purpose is to improve their physical fitness and strengthen their bodies choose their favorite physical fitness activities that can be adhered to for a long time, such as aerobic exercise, ball games and traditional China fitness exercises.

　　— — Physical exercisers whose main purpose is to improve heart and lung function should choose aerobic exercise, ball games and other physical fitness activities in which the whole body muscles participate.

　　— — Physical exercisers whose main purpose is to reduce weight should choose long-term aerobic exercise. Long-term and moderate-intensity physical fitness activities can increase body fat consumption and reduce fat content. Long-term brisk walking, jogging and cycling are ideal exercise methods to reduce weight.

　　— — Physical exercisers whose main purpose is to adjust their mental state should choose various recreational ball games and traditional China sports such as Tai Ji Chuan and Qigong, so as to relieve their psychological pressure and improve their sleep.

　　— — Sports athletes whose main purpose is to increase muscle strength can choose instrumental strength exercises and non-instrumental strength exercises according to their own fitness needs and conditions. The effect of strength exercises is related to strength load and repetition times. Generally, strength exercises with large load and few repetitions mainly develop muscle strength, while strength exercises with small load and multiple repetitions mainly develop muscle endurance.

　　— — Physical exercisers with the main purpose of improving flexibility can choose various pulling exercises, especially in the preparation and relaxation stages, which can not only save physical exercise time, but also achieve better fitness results. Various aerobic exercises, aerobics, Tai Ji Chuan, Qigong and yoga can improve flexibility.

　　— — Physical exercisers whose main purpose is to improve their balance ability can choose various special balance training methods, including sitting balance ability exercise, standing balance ability exercise and sports balance ability exercise. Tai Ji Chuan (sword), table tennis, badminton, tennis, softball and other sports can also improve the balance ability of the human body.

　　— — Physical exercisers whose main purpose is to improve their reaction ability can choose various ball games, such as table tennis, badminton, basketball, football and tennis, which can improve their reaction ability.

　　See Table 2 for the recommended sports activities according to the purpose of sports and fitness.

　　(B) the intensity of physical fitness activities

　　The intensity of physical fitness activities is an important content of making physical fitness activities plan. The intensity is too small, and there is no obvious fitness effect; Excessive intensity is not only bad for fitness, but also may cause sports injuries.

　　1, the intensity of physical fitness activities.

　　The intensity of physical fitness activities can be divided into three levels: low intensity, medium intensity and high intensity.

　　Low-intensity exercise has little stimulation to the body, and the center rate of exercise process is generally less than 100 times/minute, such as walking.

　　Moderate intensity exercise stimulates the body moderately, and the center rate of exercise process is generally 100 ~ 140 times/minute, such as walking, jogging, cycling, Tai Ji Chuan, tennis doubles and so on.

　　High-intensity exercise can stimulate the body, which can further improve the fitness effect. The sports center rate exceeds 140 times/minute, such as running, fast cycling, fast-paced aerobics and fast mountain climbing, stair climbing, tennis singles, etc.

　　People with good exercise habits and good physique can do high-intensity and moderate-intensity exercise; People with certain exercise habits and good physique can use moderate intensity exercise; People who participate in physical fitness activities or are weak in physique at the beginning can exercise at moderate or low intensity. Physical exercisers can adjust their exercise intensity scientifically according to their own conditions to adapt to individual conditions when implementing the physical fitness program.

　　2. Monitoring the intensity of physical fitness activities

　　The indexes for monitoring the intensity of physical fitness activities include exercise center rate, breathing changes during exercise and self-feeling during exercise.

　　(1) monitoring the intensity of physical fitness activities with heart rate.

　　The greater the intensity of physical fitness activities, the more obvious the body and heart respond to sports stimuli and the faster the heart rate. Generally, the maximum heart rate percentage and the measured heart rate during exercise are commonly used to monitor the intensity of physical exercise.

　　The maximum heart rate refers to the fastest heartbeat frequency that can be achieved during human movement, expressed in beats/minute. There are two methods to measure the maximum heart rate: direct measurement and indirect inference. For direct measurement, it is necessary to adopt incremental load exercise testing in special testing institutions, which requires special exercise testing instruments and equipment.

　　The maximum heart rate of human body is related to age, and the maximum heart rate of normal people can be calculated by the following formula: maximum heart rate (beats/minute) =220- age (year)

　　During physical exercise, the heart rate is 85% or above the maximum heart rate, which is equivalent to high-intensity exercise; The heart rate is controlled in the range of 60% ~ 85% of the maximum heart rate, which is equivalent to moderate intensity exercise; The heart rate is controlled in the range of 50% ~ 60% of the maximum heart rate, which is equivalent to low-intensity exercise.

　　In the process of physical fitness activities, when the measured heart rate reaches more than 140 beats/minute, it is equivalent to high-intensity exercise; The heart rate is in the range of 100 ~ 140 beats/min, which is equivalent to moderate intensity exercise, and the heart rate is lower than 100 beats/min, which is equivalent to low intensity exercise.

　　(2) Monitoring the intensity of physical fitness activities by breathing.

　　Physical fitness activities cause changes in human respiratory frequency and depth, and exercise intensity can be monitored according to the changes in breathing during exercise.

　　Breathing easily: compared with the quiet state, the breathing frequency and breathing depth change little during exercise, and breathing is stable, so you can sing. The exercise heart rate in this breathing state is generally below 100 beats/min, which is equivalent to low-intensity exercise.

　　Breathing is relatively easy: the breathing depth and breathing frequency increase during exercise, and normal language communication can be achieved. The exercise heart rate is equivalent to 100 ~ 120 beats/min, which is a medium and small intensity exercise.

　　Shortness of breath: you can only speak short sentences during exercise, but you can’t fully express long sentences. The exercise heart rate is equivalent to 130 ~ 140 beats/min, which is a moderate intensity exercise.

　　Shortness of breath: it is difficult to breathe during exercise, and you can’t talk in words during exercise. Exercise heart rate generally exceeds 140 beats/min, which is a high-intensity exercise.

　　(3) Monitor the intensity of physical fitness activities with subjective physical sense.

　　Subjective physical feeling during human exercise can be divided into 6-20 grades, with light intensity exercise as easy (grade 9-10), moderate intensity exercise as slightly tired (grade 13-14) and high intensity exercise as tired (grade 15-16).

　　Subjective physical sensation levels are closely related to heart rate. The number of subjective physical sensation levels during exercise is multiplied by 10, which is equivalent to the heart rate during exercise (times/minute). For example, the number of subjective physical sensation levels in exercise is 12, which is equivalent to the heart rate of 120 beats/minute in exercise.

　　Physical exercisers can control exercise intensity through subjective physical feeling. Generally speaking, when doing moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, the subjective physical feeling is relaxed or slightly tired.

　　See Table 3 for the intensity division and monitoring of physical fitness activities.

　　3. Strength training intensity and fitness effect

　　The greater the load weight of strength exercises, the greater the exercise intensity. When doing strength exercises, the maximum repetitive load (RM) is often used to indicate the magnitude of load intensity. Maximum repetitive load refers to the maximum number of strength exercises that can be repeated when a certain load is used in muscle strength exercises. For example, when a person flexes and stretches a dumbbell, the maximum load is 20kg, and it can only be repeated once, then 20kg is the maximum repeated load (1RM) of his dumbbell. If he can repeat the flexion and extension of the load-bearing arm for 8 times at most with a load of 15 kg, then 15 kg is the maximum repeated load (8RM) of his load-bearing arm for 8 times. In non-instrumental strength training, a person can complete 8 push-ups, which is equivalent to 8RM, and so on.

　　Strength training load intensity can be divided into three levels: low intensity, medium intensity and high intensity, and strength training intensity is closely related to fitness effect.

　　High-intensity strength exercises, equivalent to 1 ~ 10rm, each load weight is repeated for 1 ~ 10 times, and each part is repeated for 2 ~ 3 groups, and the interval between groups is 2 ~ 3 minutes. High-intensity strength exercises are mainly used to improve the maximum muscle contraction strength.

　　Moderate intensity strength exercise, equivalent to 11 ~ 20rm, the repetition times of each load weight are 10 ~ 20 times, each part is repeated in 3 groups, and the interval between groups is 1 ~ 2 minutes. Moderate intensity strength exercises can be used to improve muscle strength and increase muscle volume.

　　Low-intensity strength exercise, equivalent to 20RM or above, each load weight is repeated more than 20 times, each part is repeated in 2 groups, and the interval between groups is 1 minute. Low-intensity strength exercises are mainly used to develop muscle endurance.

　　(3) Time for physical fitness activities

　　The time of each physical fitness activity directly affects the effect of physical fitness activities. Exercise time is too short, which has little effect on improving physical function; However, if the exercise time is too long, it will easily cause fatigue accumulation and will not further increase the fitness effect. For people who often participate in physical exercise, the effective physical fitness activity time is 30 ~ 90 minutes every day. In the initial stage of participating in physical fitness activities, the exercise time can be slightly shorter; After a period of physical fitness activities, the body can adapt to sports and can extend the exercise time. Physical fitness activities can be carried out once a day or several times separately, and each physical fitness activity should last for more than 10 minutes.

　　People who are used to physical fitness activities should exercise for 3-7 days a week, with 30-60 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or 20-25 minutes of high-intensity exercise every day. In order to achieve the ideal effect of physical fitness activities, we should carry out moderate-intensity exercise for more than 150 minutes or high-intensity exercise for more than 75 minutes every week; If you have good exercise habits, and the comprehensive evaluation of exercise ability test is above good, you can do 300 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or 150 minutes of high-intensity exercise every week, and the fitness effect is better.

Six, the content and arrangement of a physical fitness activity

　　A complete physical fitness activity should include three parts: preparation activity, basic activity and relaxation activity, as shown in Table 4.

　　(1) Preparatory activities

　　Warm-up activities refer to various physical exercises before the start of major physical fitness activities. The main function of warm-up activities is to mobilize the functional potential of heart, lungs, muscles and other organ systems in advance, so as to adapt to the upcoming various fitness activities, obtain the best exercise fitness effect, and effectively prevent acute and chronic sports injuries.

　　The preparation time is generally 5 ~ 10 minutes, which mainly includes two aspects. First, carry out proper aerobic exercise, such as brisk walking and jogging, so as to "warm up" various organ systems of the body and enter the working state in advance; The second is to carry out various traction exercises to increase joint mobility, improve the elasticity of soft tissues such as muscles and ligaments, and prevent muscle injury.

　　(2) Basic activities Basic activities are the main forms of physical exercise, including aerobic exercise, strength exercise, ball games and traditional China sports and fitness methods, and the duration is generally 30-60 minutes. In a physical fitness activity, it is necessary to choose a suitable exercise mode and control the appropriate exercise intensity and exercise time. In the arrangement of physical fitness activities in a week, physical fitness activists can have different physical fitness activities and exercise intensity according to their own situation. See Table 5 for the arrangement of exercise intensity, duration and exercise frequency of different physical fitness activities.

　　(3) Relaxation activities

　　Relaxation activities refer to all kinds of physical activities after the main physical fitness activities, mainly including low-intensity activities such as walking (or jogging) and various pulling exercises. After physical fitness activities, doing some moderate relaxation activities will help to eliminate fatigue, alleviate or avoid some uncomfortable symptoms in the body, and gradually restore the functions of various organs and systems of the body from the state of exercise to the state of quietness. Doing some traction exercises is beneficial to improve the flexibility of the body.

Seven, different stages of physical fitness activities.

　　(A) the initial physical fitness program

　　People who have just participated in physical fitness activities have less exercise load, and the duration of each physical fitness activity is relatively short, so that the body gradually adapts to the exercise load and the exercise ability is gradually improved. At the beginning of the physical fitness activity plan, you should choose the physical fitness activity mode that you like or conform to the fitness purpose. There should be a comfortable sense of fatigue after exercise, which basically disappears the next day after exercise.

　　At the beginning of physical fitness activities, the principle of increasing exercise load is to increase the daily exercise time, then increase the number of days of exercise per week, and finally increase the intensity of exercise.

　　The initial period of physical fitness activities is about 8 weeks, and the specific plan is as follows:

　　— — Exercise mode: moderate intensity aerobic exercise, ball games, China traditional exercise mode and flexibility exercise.

　　— — Exercise intensity: 55% of the maximum heart rate, gradually increasing to 60%.

　　— — Duration: Exercise for 10-20 minutes each time, and gradually increase to 30-40 minutes.

　　— — Exercise frequency: 3 days/week, gradually increasing to 5 days/week.

　　See Table 6 for an example of the initial physical fitness program.

　　(2) Medium-term sports fitness program

　　After 8 weeks of physical fitness activities, the human body basically adapts to the exercise load at the initial stage of exercise, and its physical function and exercise ability are improved, so it can enter the middle stage of physical fitness activities. At this stage, continue to increase the intensity and time of exercise, and gradually increase the time of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise to 150 minutes or more per week, so that the body can adapt to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. The medium-term physical fitness activities last about 8 weeks, and the specific plan is as follows:

　　— — Exercise mode: maintain the initial mode of physical fitness activities; Increase strength exercises appropriately.

　　— — Exercise intensity: aerobic exercise intensity gradually increases from 60% ~ 65% of the maximum heart rate to 70% ~ 80% of the maximum heart rate; Anaerobic exercise can be arranged once a week, and the strength exercise uses a load of more than 20RM, which is repeated 6 ~ 8 times.

　　— — Duration: 30 ~ 50 minutes for each exercise; If anaerobic exercise is arranged, exercise for 10 ~ 15 minutes each time; 1 ~ 2 strength exercises once a week, 6 ~ 8 kinds of muscle strength exercises each time, and 1 ~ 2 groups are repeated for 5 ~ 10 minutes.

　　— — Exercise frequency: 3 ~ 5 days/week.

　　At this stage, the physical fitness program is basically fixed, and gradually transitions to a long-term and stable physical fitness program. See Table 7 for examples of mid-term physical fitness activities.

　　(3) Long-term physical fitness program

　　When the physical function reaches a higher level and good habits of physical fitness activities are formed, a long-term stable physical fitness activity plan suitable for one’s own characteristics should be established. Long-term and stable physical fitness activities should include at least 200-300 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or 75-150 minutes of high-intensity exercise every week; Carry out strength exercises 2 ~ 3 times a week, and pull exercises no less than 5 times. The specific scheme is as follows:

　　— — Exercise mode: maintain the exercise mode in the middle stage of physical fitness activities.

　　— — Exercise intensity: moderate intensity exercise is equivalent to 60% ~ 80% of the maximum heart rate, and high intensity exercise reaches more than 80% of the maximum heart rate; Strength exercises are performed with a load of 10 ~ 20 rm and repeated for 10 ~ 15 times; All kinds of pulling exercises.

　　— — Duration: 30-60 minutes of moderate intensity exercise each time, or 15-25 minutes of high intensity anaerobic exercise, or alternating moderate and high intensity exercise; 8 ~ 10 kinds of muscle strength exercises, each repeated 2 ~ 3 groups, each time for 5 ~ 10 minutes of stretching exercises.

　　— — Exercise frequency: exercise for 5 ~ 7 days/week, and high-intensity exercise should not exceed 3 times per week.

　　See Table 8 for examples of long-term physical fitness activities.

　　On the morning of November 4th, the 24th meeting of the 12th the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) held a joint meeting to ask about the implementation of the environmental protection law. Wang Mingwen, a member of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), said that since 2011, incidents such as "arsenic poisoning", "blood lead" and "cadmium rice" have occurred frequently, making heavy metal pollution one of the most concerned public events. Soil pollution and the food security and national health problems caused by it have caused public concern and even panic.

　　"What is the overall situation of soil pollution in China at present? What are the difficulties and problems in the management and use control of polluted agricultural land, especially cultivated land polluted by heavy metals and industrial polluted plots? What measures have been taken? What are your plans for the next step? " Wang Mingwen asked questions.

　　Chen Jining, Minister of Environmental Protection who participated in the inquiry, introduced that from 2005 to 2013, the State Council made a preliminary survey of soil pollution in China. The survey results show that the over-standard rate of soil pollution sites in China is 16.1%, of which the proportions of slight, mild, moderate and severe pollution sites are 11.2%, 2.3%, 1.5% and 1.1% respectively. The over-standard rate of farmland soil points is 19.4%, which is a little higher. The proportions of slightly, slightly, moderately and severely polluted points are 13.7%, 2.8%, 1.8% and 1.1% respectively.

　　"The over-standard rate of points is not the actual over-standard rate of areas." Chen Jining explained that the over-standard rate of points refers to where there will be soil pollution problems, what kind of problems and what causes, and does not mean that 19.4% of the soil is completely polluted.

　　Chen Jining said that the current difficulties and challenges in soil pollution prevention and control mainly include: First, the base number is unclear, and China has not yet established a list of agricultural land and a list of contaminated land classified according to pollution degree. The second is the lack of laws and regulations. At present, there is no special law for the prevention and control of soil pollution in China, and the departmental regulations for environmental supervision of polluted plots and agricultural land have not been promulgated, so there is no basis for supervision. Third, the corresponding technical standards and specifications are not sound enough. There is a lack of operational standards and norms in the investigation, risk assessment, treatment and remediation of soil pollution, and the technical system needs to be improved urgently. Fourth, the regulatory capacity needs to be strengthened. Local environmental protection departments are not strong enough in soil pollution supervision, especially the lack of professionals, which urgently needs to be improved.

　　Chen Jining said that on May 28th this year, the State Council issued the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution (namely "Ten Soil Articles"), and the next step will be to promote the implementation of the "Ten Soil Articles" and do a good job in five aspects.

　　First, accelerate the promotion of legislation. Cooperate with the Environmental Protection Committee of the National People’s Congress to do a good job in drafting, revising and demonstrating the law on the prevention and control of soil pollution, and at the same time formulate departmental regulations such as the introduction of soil management measures for polluted plots and agricultural land.

　　The second is to carry out a detailed survey of soil pollution in the country. In conjunction with the land, agriculture and other departments, on the basis of existing relevant investigations, we will carry out a detailed investigation of soil pollution with agricultural land and enterprise land in key industries as the focus. Complete the investigation of agricultural land pollution by the end of 2018, and master the distribution of contaminated land and its environmental risks in key industries by the end of 2020.

　　The third is to establish and improve relevant standards and norms. Revise the quality standard of soil environment for construction land, and revise the technical specifications of soil environment monitoring, investigation and evaluation, risk control, treatment and restoration for construction land, as well as the technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment.

　　The fourth is to strengthen the environmental management of construction projects. In the examination and approval of environmental impact assessment involving hazardous chemicals, heavy metals and other construction projects with significant environmental risks, it is clearly required to increase the content of soil environmental impact assessment, strengthen environmental access, and prevent construction projects from polluting soil and groundwater. Study and carry out environmental risk assessment of closed and relocated enterprises, and further strengthen environmental impact assessment management of soil environmental quality.

　　The fifth is to urge local governments to improve the soil environmental management system. Guide local governments to establish a system of soil environmental investigation and risk assessment for construction land, gradually establish a list of contaminated plots and a negative list of their development and utilization, establish an information communication and sharing mechanism between urban and rural planning, land resources and environmental protection departments, and establish a linkage supervision mechanism.

　　Jiang Daming, Minister of Land and Resources, said that the Ministry of Land and Resources will strengthen the control of the use of contaminated land, accelerate the establishment of a departmental linkage mechanism for the identification, remediation, planned use control and land access management of contaminated sites, gradually establish a list of contaminated plots, and determine the negative list of development and utilization to prevent improper use of contaminated sites without remediation; At the same time, it is necessary to do a good job in source control and resolutely curb the generation of new soil pollution. The Ministry of Land and Resources will cooperate with the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Environmental Protection to strictly control the access of the "three high" projects and strictly control the pre-examination of construction land and land approval.

　　Chen Zhenggao, Minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, said that the tasks undertaken by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development are mainly "two strict controls" in the implementation of the State Council’s "Ten Articles of Soil": strictly control the industrial sites that have been polluted, and the use of these sites must be guaranteed; Strictly control the spatial layout to prevent new land pollution.

　　Zhang Taolin, Vice Minister of Agriculture, said that the quality of agricultural products is not a simple correspondence with the environmental quality of cultivated land. Generally speaking, the main agricultural products in China are safe and secure. At present, the soil pollutants in cultivated land in China are slightly over-standard, and the proportion of severe pollution is relatively small. Some measures can be taken to control and make safe use of them. Generally speaking, most of the polluted cultivated land in China is preventable, controllable and treatable, and the serious pollution is irreversible.

　　Beijing, November 4 th

　　[Aika Auto Domestic New Car Original]

　　The new BMW 5 Series and BMW i5 were officially launched on January 25th, bringing more choices to consumers. The new BMW 5 Series offers 7 models with a price range of 43.99-52.59 million yuan, while the BMW i5 offers 5 models with a price range of 43.99-63.99 million yuan. In terms of car purchase benefits, the old customers of the new BMW 5 Series fuel models can also choose the Changyue maintenance package of up to 5 years and 100,000 kilometers-upgraded version or insurance support of up to 12,000 yuan.

　　Bmw 5 series

　　In terms of design, the new BMW 5 Series shows a more tough and dynamic style. Compared with the current models, the front face design of the new car is more powerful. At the same time, it is equipped with a circular grille and boomerang daytime running lights, which shows the latest design language of BMW brand. It is worth noting that the new car does not adopt the giant grille design of BMW 7 Series, but maintains relative restraint and exquisite overall shape.

　　On the side of the car body, the new car shows smooth and smooth lines. The semi-hidden door handle is flush with the door, and the flat roof antenna makes the side look more concise and generous. The "Hough Corner" of the rear door is perfectly integrated with the C-pillar, which embodies BMW’s unique design concept. In addition, the details of the embossed number "5" on the black plaque highlight the uniqueness of the new car.

　　In terms of interior, the new BMW 5 Series adopts the latest family-style design style, and the continuous screen design of 12.3-inch instrument and 14.9-inch central control panel makes the whole interior space more scientific and modern. The new style of sports steering wheel and the introduction of iDrive 8.5 system have further improved the convenience and intelligent experience of driving. In addition, the new car has also been optimized in the logic of function entry, which makes it easier for drivers to access common functions.

　　In terms of intelligent driving, the new BMW 5 Series is equipped with the third-generation BMW intelligent driving system, which realizes the full-stack software self-research, and fully adjusts the road conditions in China and the driving habits of users. The L2+ intelligent driving assistance function of the new car has been updated more than 100 times according to the features of the China market, and has been localized and debugged more than 2,000 times, showing BMW’s leading strength in the field of intelligent driving.

　　In terms of power, the new BMW 5 Series offers two models, 525Li and 530Li, which are equipped with high and low power versions of 2.0T engines with maximum power of 156kW and 211kW respectively. In terms of transmission system, the new car is matched with an 8-speed automatic manual transmission to provide drivers with a smoother and more flexible driving experience. At the same time, the new car is also equipped with the 9th generation lateral dynamics management system, which can accurately analyze and predict the dynamic parameters of the vehicle, provide stable and accurate chassis adjustment, and give consideration to handling and comfort.

　　Bmw i5

　　The new BMW i5 is based on the new generation BMW 5 Series, but it is endowed with sharper and brighter lines, creating a unique sense of future technology. Compared with the fuel version, the new car has made many innovations in details, showing strong personalized characteristics.

　　On the front face, the kidney grille is still BMW’s iconic design, but on the i5, champagne gold elements are integrated around and around the grille, adding a touch of luxury to the new car. Angel eye headlights have been simplified, which is more in line with the modern aesthetic trend, highlighting the simple and exquisite design style.

　　On the side of the car body, the smooth body lines inherit the elegant temperament of BMW 5 Series, and at the same time, the new car cleverly designs the "5" glorious logo at the corner of Hoxhorn. This unique element presents a blue breathing effect when charging, which not only enhances the recognition of the vehicle, but also brings a unique customized experience to domestic users.

　　In the rear part, the taillight design of the new car is also ingenious, and the integration of L-shaped chrome decoration further enhances the luxury of the vehicle. This exquisite treatment of details fully demonstrates BMW’s perfect pursuit of luxury and technology.

　　In terms of interior, the new BMW i5 adopts the combined screen design of 12.3-inch LCD instrument and 14.9-inch touch screen, which is full of science and technology. The combination of embracing interactive light strip and concealed air outlet of air conditioner makes the interior space more simple and modern. It is worth mentioning that the flowing gold plaque in front of the co-pilot is inspired by the elements of China, which skillfully blends the oriental charm into the luxurious atmosphere.

　　For the experience of the rear passengers, the new car has also been fully upgraded. The addition of the rear suspended giant screen provides passengers with a more shocking entertainment experience. This luxury configuration from the BMW 7 Series has become an exclusive option on the domestic long-wheelbase version of the 5 Series. In addition, the new car is also equipped with Bowers & Wilkins surround sound system, four-zone automatic independent air conditioning and other high-end configurations, which further enhances the comfort and dignity of the rear passengers.

　　On the power system, the BMW i5 long wheelbase version is equipped with the upgraded fifth-generation eDrive electric drive system. The maximum power of the rear single motor can reach 250kW, the peak torque is 430 Nm, and the cruising range under CLTC conditions is as high as 567km. The standard-axis version of the M60 xDrive is equipped with a dual-motor four-wheel drive system, with a maximum power of 380kW and a maximum torque of 795 Nm. The acceleration time of 0-100km/h is only 3.8 seconds, which brings the driver the ultimate driving experience.

　　Editor’s comment:The new generation of BMW 5 Series, with the same model and starting price for oil cars and trams, is actually the most conservative and effective way for luxury brands to enter the era of electric vehicles. The choice is left to consumers, and the flexibility of price adjustment is left to terminal agents. Anyway, users are coming for the brand, and it is the greatest success not to be robbed by others. The simultaneous launch of the two models not only highlights BMW’s firm determination to parallel fuel and electric technology, but also its deep thinking and innovative practice for future travel modes. The elegance of the new 5 Series and the sense of science and technology of the i5 complement each other, and jointly build a new era of diversified and intelligent luxury travel. At this moment, we expect these two models to set off new waves in the market, bringing consumers more yuan and more cutting-edge driving experience.

Wonderful content review:

The new BMW 5 Series Long Axis Edition and BMW i5 are officially released.

In March next year, the globally listed BMW X2 will be unveiled at the Guangzhou Auto Show.

BMW made its debut in China International Import Expo(CIIE) with iX5 hydrogen fuel cell vehicle.

　　CCTV News:The General Administration of Customs announced on May 9 that in the first four months, China exported 4.44 trillion yuan of mechanical and electrical products, an increase of 10.5%, accounting for 57.9% of the total export value. Among them, the automobile was 204.53 billion yuan, an increase of 120.3%.

　　In the first four months of this year, China’s "new three products" of electric manned vehicles, lithium batteries and solar cells exported a total of 353.48 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 72%. Exported to more than 200 countries and regions around the world, it increased the overall growth rate of exports by 2.1 percentage points.

　　Products with high technology, high added value and leading green transformation, represented by the "new three kinds" of foreign trade, are becoming new growth points and new advantageous industries for China’s exports.